基于长时间序列遥感数据的太原市建成区近50年扩张规律分析

本文基于太原市1973-2020年遥感影像,利用人工目视解译结合Google历史影像校正提取建成区,引入紧凑度、扩张强度、扩张速度及重心迁移模型等指标对太原市建成区近50年的时空演变特征进行深入分析,并分析太原市建成区扩张的主要驱动力因素。研究表明：①1973-2020年太原市建成区面积扩张了15.12倍,平均年增长面积为7.85 km²;建成区紧凑度普遍较低,在南北方向扩展明显,重心沿南西约30°方向迁移了约3500 m。②引起太原市建成区扩张的主要因素有经济、人口扩张等,其中国民生产总值与人均GDP起到关键性作用。     

Dryland expansion in northern China from 1948 to 2008

This study examines the expansion of drylands and regional climate change in northern China by analyzing the variations in aridity index(AI), surface air temperature(SAT), precipitation and potential evapotranspiration(PET) from 1948 to 2008.It is found that the drylands of northern China have expanded remarkably in the last 61 years. The area of drylands of the last 15 years(1994–2008) is 0.65 × 106km2(12%) larger than that in the period 1948–62. The boundary of drylands has extended eastward over Northeast China by about 2° of longitude and by about 1° of latitude to the south along the middleto-lower reaches of the Yellow River. A zonal band of expansion of semi-arid regions has occurred, stretching from western Heilongjiang Province to southern Gansu Province, while shifts to the east of semi-arid regions in dry subhumid regions have also occurred. Results show that the aridity trend of drylands in northern China is highly correlated with the long-term trend of precipitation and PET, and the expansion of semi-arid regions plays a dominant role in the areal extent of drylands, which is nearly 10 times larger than that in arid and subhumid regions.     

Comparison of dryland climate change in observations and CMIP5 simulations

A comparison of observations with 20 climate model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase5(CMIP5) revealed that observed dryland expansion amounted to 2.61 × 106km2 during the 58 years from 1948 to 2005,which was four times higher than that in the simulations(0.55 × 106km2). Dryland expansion was accompanied by a decline in aridity index(AI)(drying trend) as a result of decreased precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration across all dryland subtype areas in the observations, especially in the semi-arid and dry subhumid regions. However, the CMIP5multi-model ensemble(MME) average performed poorly with regard to the decreasing trends of AI and precipitation. By analyzing the factors controlling AI, we found that the overall bias of AI in the simulations, compared with observations, was largely due to limitations in the simulation of precipitation. The simulated precipitation over global drylands was substantially overestimated compared with observations across all subtype areas, and the spatial distribution of precipitation in the MME was largely inconsistent in the African Sahel, East Asia, and eastern Australia, where the semi-arid and dry subhumid regions were mainly located.     

The rise of Laminaria ochroleuca in the Western English Channel (UK) and comparisons with its competitor and assemblage dominant Laminaria hyperborea

The distribution of species is shifting in response to recent climate change. Changes in the abundance and distributions of habitat‐forming species can have knock‐on effects on community structure, biodiversity patterns and ecological processes. We empirically examined temporal changes in the abundance of the warm‐water kelp Laminaria ochroleuca at its poleward range edge in the Western English Channel. Resurveys of historical sites indicated that the abundance of L. ochroleuca has increased significantly in recent decades. Moreover, examination of historical records suggested that L. ochroleuca has extended its distribution from sheltered coasts on to moderately wave‐exposed open coasts, where it now co‐exists and competes with the assemblage dominant Laminaria hyperborea. Proliferation of L. ochroleuca at its poleward range edge corresponds with a period of rapid warming in the Western English Channel. Preliminary comparisons between L. ochroleuca and L. hyperborea highlighted some subtle but ecologically significant differences in structure and function. In summer, the average biomass of epiphytic stipe assemblages on L. hyperborea was 86 times greater than on L. ochroleuca whereas, on average, L. ochroleuca had a greater stipe length and its blade supported 18 times as many gastropod grazers (Gibbula cineraria). Differences in summer growth rates were also recorded, with L. ochroleuca being more productive than L. hyperborea throughout July. Comprehensive seasonally replicated comparisons are needed to examine the wider implications of proliferation of L. ochroleuca at its poleward range edge, but our study suggests that local biodiversity patterns and ecological processes (e.g. timing of productivity and trophic pathways) on shallow subtidal reefs may be altered by shifts in the relative abundances of habitat‐forming kelp species.     

华北板块东南缘五河杂岩的麻粒岩相变质、部分熔融与交代作用

华北板块东南缘五河杂岩属于前寒武纪变质基底,出露于蚌埠及相邻地区,主要由变质的镁铁质和长英质火成岩以及表壳岩系组成,并伴生有古元古代片麻状花岗岩和中生代花岗岩类,构成了"蚌埠隆起"。五河杂岩中主要有石榴斜长角闪岩/榴闪岩、石榴麻粒岩、异剥钙榴岩、石榴斜长角闪片麻岩、花岗片麻岩、云母片岩、大理岩和变质砂岩等岩石类型。这些不同类型的变质岩具有类似的峰期变质矿物,如石榴子石、单斜辉石、斜长石、金红石和石英等;结合其锆石U-Pb年龄,表明它们共同经历了古元古代高压麻粒岩相变质作用。石榴斜长角闪岩的石榴子石包体中存在钾长石+斜长石+石英+黑云母等矿物交生体,指示早期花岗质熔体的存在,证明五河杂岩在古元代变质过程中发生了部分熔融作用。此外,部分变基性岩中存在方解石、绿帘石和绿泥石等蚀变矿物,沿石榴子石的裂隙中分布有钾长石+斜长石+石英+黑云母+角闪石等矿物,表明它们经历了含碳酸盐的熔/流体交代作用以及绿帘石化和绿泥石化作用等。遭受过古元古代含碳酸盐的熔/流体交代作用的变基性岩表现为高放射成因Pb同位素组成,而未遭受含碳酸盐的熔/流体交代作用的变基性岩则表现为典型华北板块前寒武纪麻粒岩地体和下地壳包体岩石的低放射成因Pb同位素组成。     

多级多源控制点影像数据库建立数据分析与处理

地面控制点GCP（Ground Control Point）是表达地理空间位置的信息数据,归结为空间位置坐标、点位局部影像、点位特征描述及说明（点之记）、辅助信息。本文基于＂多级多源控制点影像数据库系统的建立研究＂课题,重点阐述多级多源控制点（GCP）的数据内容及形式、数据的获取方法、数据的组织方案及数据库的概念设计。     

An analytical method of analysing the oscillatory pressure head measured at any depth in a well casing

When a slug test is conducted in a highly permeable aquifer, a shallow pressure transducer in the well casing produces an oscillatory pressure head that is representative of the water level fluctuation, whereas a deep pressure transducer in the well casing yields an oscillatory pressure head that is different from the water level change. Although the solutions for shallow and deep pressure head are different, it is found that the ratios of the subsequent extremity displacements are in an identical relationship (an extremity can be a maximum or a minimum in the oscillatory pressure head). Based on this relationship, an analytical data analysis method for the determination of the hydraulic conductivity is developed for both shallow and deep pressure transducer data. This analytical method is applied to the pressure head measured at different depths in the well casing of a well partially penetrating an unconfined coarse sand aquifer. Satisfactory results are obtained, validating the applicability of this analytical method for pressure transducer data at any depth in a well casing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

红笛鲷脾脏、头肾和胸腺中IgM~+细胞与ANAE~+ T细胞的分布

采用ANAE组化方法(α-醋酸萘酯酶染色法)和ABC免疫组化方法(亲合素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物法)分析了1龄红笛鲷成鱼的胸腺、头肾和脾脏中IgM+细胞(具有免疫球蛋白分子IgM的细胞)、ANAE+ T细胞的分布。结果表明,三个淋巴器官皆有IgM+细胞、ANAE+ T细胞;胸腺皮质区IgM+细胞数量最多,其次是头肾、胸腺髓质区、脾脏;ANAE+ T细胞以脾脏中数量居多,其次是头肾、胸腺髓质区、胸腺皮质区;ANAE+ T细胞在三个器官中多呈均匀分布,而IgM+细胞在血管、胸腺小体、黑色素巨嗜细胞中心等的外周呈密集分布。实验结果进一步证明了胸腺中的T细胞多为不成熟的T细胞,此外,还含有大量的IgM+细胞;而脾脏、头肾内的ANAE+ T细胞多于胸腺,推测胸腺成熟的T淋巴细胞迁移到头肾和脾脏。     

Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Residential Land Growth in Hefei of Anhui Province, China

We used the maps of urban land-use in 1978, 1991, 1994, 2000 and 2004, and softwares such as ArcGIS, Fragstats to analyze the spatio-temporal process of urban residential space quantitatively. Some methods, such as di- rection analysis and landscape pattern analysis, were employed. The results show that: 1) the residential land grew very rapidly in Hefei from 1978 to 2004, and the increased land was distributed mainly in the central city zone surrounded by a moat; however, after 1994, it was distributed mainly outside the 1th Ring Road; 2) the expansion speeds were very different in different directions: there exists a fastest expansion of residential land in the directions of NE-NNE, SW and SSE, and a slowest one in the directions of E and SEE; 3) the residential land growth went through four stages: slow circular expansion in 1978-1991, 'axes fan wings' expansion in 1991-1994, more rapid circular expansion in 1994-2000 and 'fan-wings' expansion in 2000-2004; 4) the expansion intensity was also different in all directions in the period of 1978 to 1994, and the most was in SW and then NW; and 5) there were more and more residential land area, and the spatial agglomeration was improved increasingly.     

Regional development and regionalization: Retrospect of China’s historical enlightenment

Chinese had noticed regional differences in ancient times and thus arouse the concept of regional sustainable development which was successfully applied to delta cultivation and civilization. Over the long term of regional development and regional exchange, much experience therefore was accumulated based on coastal zones, toward both inner land and open ocean. Regionalization, a basic job preceding sustainable development of a region, has also been carried out in China since ancient times. More important, patterns of regionalization were retained, these presents serve as references even today. Reflections on China’s historical enlightenment can assist us in locating the breakthroughs in regional development in the 21st century: facing the oceans with the seaport cities as nucleuses.