涡动相关仪探测台风边界层动量通量特征分析

台风的发展维持受制于自身(内部结构)及与下垫面间的通量传输过程,利用台风“利奇马”登陆前后的涡动相关仪观测数据,分析台风过境前后地面要素变化及动量通量特征。分析结果表明：台风过境期间,地面气象要素在短时间内出现急剧的变化,动量通量在台风登陆过程中显示出“三峰”的结构,对应的摩擦速度随风速的变化以10 m/s为分界线,低风速下呈现明显的正相关性,高风速时则慢慢转为持平甚至回落;能谱分析中,峰值主要存在于0.000 2 Hz和0.06 Hz的位置上,另有一位于0.001 Hz外的较弱峰值;能量贡献上,大尺度系统占据主导作用,但中尺度对流系统与湍流尺度运动在能量贡献中同样不可忽视。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE 3DVAR ASSIMILATION OF THE AMSU-A DATA IN SPACE-TIME MULTISCALE ANALYSIS SYSTEM

Assimilating satellite radiances into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models has become an important approach to increase the accuracy of numerical weather forecasting. In this study, the assimilation technique scheme was employed in NOAA’s STMAS (Space-Time Multiscale Analysis System) to assimilate AMSU-A radiances data. Channel selection sensitivity experiments were conducted on assimilated satellite data in the first place. Then, real case analysis of AMSU-A data assimilation was performed. The analysis results showed that, following assimilating of AMSU-A channels 5–11 in STMAS, the objective function quickly converged, and the channel vertical response was consistent with the AMSU-A weighting function distribution, which suggests that the channels can be used in the assimilation of satellite data in STMAS. With the case of the Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan Island in August 2009 as an example, experiments on assimilated and unassimilated AMSU-A radiances data were designed to analyze the impact of the assimilation of satellite data on STMAS. The results demonstrated that assimilation of AMSU-A data provided more accurate prediction of the precipitation region and intensity, and especially, it improved the 0–6h precipitation forecast significantly.     

近40年气候变化及其空间分异的多尺度研究——以内蒙古自治区为例

利用小波变换对内蒙古27个气象台站40年(1956~1995)的年平均气温和降水数据进行多尺度分析,结果表明,1956~1958是40年中最冷的年份,20世纪60年代初和90年代初是两个主要的气温升高和降水增加时期。在大时间尺度上,气温和降水基本处于相对高值,气温有逐渐增加趋势,部分气象台站的降水有减少趋势;中小尺度上气温和降水变化具有更多的表现形式,体现在气温冷暖变化和降水多少变化的频率和强度上。内蒙古气温变化的空间分布格局具有明显的沿纬度分布的特征,降水变化基本上体现了一种沿经度分布的空间格局。对内蒙古3~5月气候干湿状况研究表明,20世纪50年代末和80年代初是两个相对湿润时期,1994年后气候最为干燥,大时间尺度存在非常明显的气候由湿润到干燥的变化趋势;中小尺度上干湿状况变化较频繁。     

DEM–FEM analysis of soil failure process via the separate edge coupling method

The concurrent multiscale method, which couples the discrete element method (DEM) for predicting the local micro‐scale evolution of the soil particle skeleton with the finite element method (FEM) for estimating the remaining macro‐scale continuum deformation, is a versatile tool for modeling the failure process of soil masses. This paper presents the separate edge coupling method, which is degenerated from the generalized bridging domain method and is good at eliminating spurious reflections that are induced by coupling models of different scales, to capture the granular behavior in the domain of interest and to coarsen the mesh to save computational cost in the remaining domain. Cundall non‐viscous damping was used as numerical damping to dissipate the kinetic energy for simulating static failure problems. The proposed coupled DEM–FEM scheme was adopted to model the wave propagation in a 1D steel bar, a soil slope because of the effect of a shallow foundation and a plane‐strain cone penetration test (CPT). The numerical results show that the separate edge coupling method is effective when it is adopted for a problem with Cundall non‐viscous damping; it qualitatively reproduces the failure process of the soil masses and is consistent with the full micro‐scale discrete element model. Stress discontinuity is found in the coupling domain. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of the Polychaetes Desdemona ornata and Perinereis cultrifera and Their Resources of Food in a Mediterranean Mudflat

Abstract. Availability of food in the sediment can play an important role in determining the dynamics of deposit feeders. Generally the abundance of deposit feeders during winter and spring is related to an increase in the nutritive value of the sediment due to the concurrent microalgal peaks. This work investigated, in 1998, the seasonal variability patterns in the nutritive value of the sediment and in the abundance of two polychaetes, Desdemona ornata (Sabellidae: Fabriicinae) and Perinereis cultrifera (Nereididae), that probably feed on benthic microalgae. Previously, in 1997, these two species were abundant in winter and spring. During that winter, the amount of chlorophyll a in the sediment was quite variable due to grazing activities. Three manipulative field experiments were carried out in winter and spring (January, March and April 1998) to test the hypothesis that increasing the amount of chlorophyll a increases the nutritional value of the sediment and the abundance of Perinereis cultrifera and Desdemona ornata . The results indicated that the patterns of variability for these species and for chlorophyll a were similar to those observed in 1997. In plots where microalgal growth was stimulated experimentally, Perinereis cultrifera increased in January and Desdemona ornata increased in January and March. The role of food in regulating the abundances of Perinereis cultrifera and Desdemona ornata is discussed.     

A Perspective on the Evolution of Atmospheric Blocking Theories: From Eddy-Mean flow Interaction to Nonlinear Multiscale Interaction

In this paper, we first review the research advancements in blocking dynamics and highlight the merits and drawbacks of the previous theories of atmospheric blocking. Then, the dynamical mechanisms of atmospheric blocking are presented based on a nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI) model. Previous studies suggested that the eddy deformation(e.g., eddy straining, wave breaking, and eddy merging) might lead to the formation and maintenance of atmospheric blocking.However, the results were specu...     

位场多尺度导数分析法识别线性构造-以新疆卡拉塔格地区重力解译断裂构造为例

本文介绍了一种新的地质体边界识别方法-位场多尺度导数分析法。在基本原理介绍及理论模型试验的基础上,对该方法在地质体边界识别中的有效性进行了论证。然后,利用该方法对新疆卡拉塔格地区1:5万重力数据进行了多尺度导数处理,识别出了不同尺度和走向的断裂构造,进一步证明多尺度导数分析方法能够对位场数据进行有效的分离和信息增强,进而识别出不同尺度场源体的边界。     

Multiscale method for long tunnels subjected to seismic loading

A multiscale method for the dynamic analysis of underground structures is proposed, which involves the concurrent discretization of the entire domain with both coarse‐scale and fine‐scale finite element meshes. The coarse‐scale mesh is employed to capture seismic response characteristics of the integral system, whereas the fine‐scale mesh describes in detail the dynamic response in positions of potential damage or interest. For both the coarse‐scale and fine‐scale meshes to overlap, a bridging scale term is introduced so that compatibility of dynamic behavior between the coarse‐ and fine‐scale models is enforced. Both material and contact nonlinearities are considered in the multiscale model. As an application, the model is used for large‐scale seismic response of a newly built long‐distance shield tunnel. Results show that this multiscale method does not have spurious wave reflections at the fine/coarse interface and does not need filtering procedures, which is an advantage compared with the displacement coupling method. Stress and deformation response in lining segments and their connecting bolts are investigated and analyzed within the fine‐scale model, and the capacity of critical structural components, such as bolts and joints is evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向类型特征的自适应阈值遥感影像变化检测

为了实现两个不同年份单时相遥感影像之间的土地覆盖变化检测，提出了一种基于土地覆盖类型特征自适应确定阈值的遥感影像变化检测方法。以2015年土地覆盖数据为基础，综合2013年和2015年Landsat 8-OLI影像数据，首先，采用时相不变点群法TIC（Temporally Invariant Cluster）保证了两期影像辐射水平的一致性。其次，对两期影像进行多尺度分割，并在各级尺度下构建分割对象的变化向量。然后，采用最大类间方差的方法分别进行单一变化阈值变化检测以及基于土地覆盖类型的多阈值变化检测分析，并利用目视解译样点进行精度验证与评价。结果表明：（1）单一阈值变化检测结果的总体精度为79.6%，Kappa系数为0.601，多阈值变化检测结果的总体精度为87.2%，Kappa系数为0.741，多阈值变化检测具有更高的精度。（2）进一步逐土地覆盖类型精度评价可知，多阈值变化检测能在一定程度上减弱物候期的影响，具有更高的稳定性。该研究以土地覆盖数据为底图，逐类别的选取变化检测阈值，提高了变化区域检测的精度，在大范围高效更新土地覆盖数据的应用中具有一定的参考价值。     

中国高新技术企业分布影响因素的空间异质性与尺度效应

影响高新技术企业分布的因素往往具有空间非平稳性,然而既有研究对其关注尚少。基于2017—2019年间认定的215791家高新技术企业数据,运用多尺度地理加权回归模型（MGWR）,刻画了中国高新技术企业的空间分布格局,识别了其影响因素的空间异质性与尺度效应,结果表明：① 2019年中国高新技术企业的空间分布呈现出在以“北上广深”为首位中心,以成渝与区域性中心城市为次位中心的高度集聚特征。② 企业内部因素、城市知识创造水平、技术创新水平、创新环境水平和外部连通水平共同影响了高新技术企业的空间分布。③ 影响高新技术企业分布的因素存在空间异质性,公司年龄、高校学生数量、互联网的影响呈现出“东-西”向空间分异格局,专利申请数、高新区、生活设施的正向影响呈现出“南-北”向空间分异格局,高铁的正向影响呈现出“东南-西北”向空间分异格局,研发费用投入对东北地区影响最大,市场化水平对京津冀和珠三角城市群地区影响最大。④ 影响因素存在尺度效应,靠近创新末端的变量具有更大的作用空间尺度。最后,本研究提出相关的政策建议,以期为高新技术产业的发展提供借鉴与参考。