区域地球化学推断地质体模型与应用——以花岗岩类侵入体为例

区域化探全国扫面计划获得的海量地球化学数据在基础地质和矿产勘查研究中已发挥了重要作用。全国矿产资源潜力评价化探工作组将全国陆地国土划分为5个地球化学域(古亚洲地球化学域、秦祁昆地球化学域、特提斯地球化学域、扬子地球化学域和滨太平洋地球化学域)和25个地球化学省。在全国地球化学图中位于云南西部地区的花岗岩类侵入体具有显著富K2O、Th、U、La、Y、Zr而贫Co、Ni、V、Cr、Ti、Fe2O3的特征。基于云南西部地区区域化探数据利用因子分析确定了高场强元素组合(F2)和相容元素组合(F1)两个公因子:F2=0.87Th+0.86Y+0.77U+0.77Zr+0.67La+0.61K2O+0.58Al2O3+0.53Be,F1=0.95Fe2O3+0.93V+0.93Ti+0.92Co+0.81Cr+0.80Ni。利用二者因子得分比值(F2/F1)构建了推断花岗岩类侵入体的区域地球化学综合指标和推断模型。以F2/F1为例介绍了制作地球化学图和地球化学异常图的方法技术。在F2/F1地球化学图中的高值区或在其地球化学异常图中的异常区与云南西部地区花岗岩类侵入体的地表出露范围十分吻合,从而验证了地球化学推断花岗岩类侵入体模型的可行性。基于构建的推断模型在全国近7百万平方千米的范围内进行推演并绘制F2/F1的地球化学图和地球化学异常图。选择华南中部地区进行详细分析,结果发现模型指标异常区与实测花岗岩类侵入体在空间形态和规模上十分吻合,尤其在韶关至桂林、贺州一带花岗岩类侵入体边界与F2/F1异常区边界几乎一致。这一结果不仅证实了针对花岗岩类侵入体所建立的区域地球化学推断模型的可行性,而且该模型在基础地质研究方面具有潜在应用价值。     

Thermal alteration of coal in the Khasyn coalfield, Magadan region, Russia

The Early Cretaceous coal deposits of the Khasyn coalfield are intruded by Palaeogene diabase dikes. The coal has vitrinite reflectance values of 2.0–2.5% R_o, and characteristics of normal anthracite at some distance from the dikes, but at direct contact with the dike two morphological coal varieties occur: coal inclusions in the diabase dike and dispersed carbonaceous matter within the dike rock. Both types of coaly matter have properties typical of anthracites: strong anisotropy, altered internal structure and high vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 3.8 to 5.5% R_o. The X-ray diffraction measurements of the interplanar spacing d(002) and the crystallite sizes Lc and La show rather similar values for coal inclusions in the dike and dispersed carbonaceous matter. The additional reflection at 3.37 Å, corresponding to semi-graphite admixture, occurs in the coal and carbonaceous matter inside the dike and is absent in the natural coal outside the dike.     

多重散射问题的改进算法以及双排非连续弹性屏障对水平向剪切波的隔离研究

与Aviles等学者的多重散射隔振理论相比较,采用更为完整的Fourier-Bessel函数系的级数展开表达式来研究弹性波入射下的多重散射问题。引入Graf加法定理,并结合位移和应力边界条件,推导了无限均匀弹性介质中任意分布的多个弹性圆柱体对于平面水平向剪切波(SH波)入射时散射系数的理论解析解。随后,取圆柱体分布于两条相互平行的直线上,则问题演变为双排弹性桩屏障对于弹性波的隔离问题。引入无量纲位移(屏障后土体总的位移与仅由入射平面水平向剪切波引起的位移的比值)和透射系数(屏障宽度范围内无量纲位移的几何平均值)的概念来研究屏障的隔振效果。重点讨论了双排桩间距h以及桩土的剪切模量比ξ对于屏障整体隔振效果的影响,阐述了双排桩屏障的隔振性状。特别地,当h=0时,该问题退化为常见的单排非连续屏障的隔振问题。     

Was the Panzhihua Large Fe-Ti Oxide Deposit,SW China,Formed by Silicate Immiscibility?

The Panzhihua mafic intrusion, which hosts a world-class Fe-Ti-V ore deposit, is in the western Emeishan region, SW China. The formation age(～260 Ma), and Sr and Nd isotopes indicate that the Panzhihua intrusion is part of the Emeishan large igneous province and has little crustal contamination. To assess ore genesis of the Panzhihua Fe-Ti-V ore deposit, two different models have been provided to explain the formation, namely silicate immiscibility and normal fractional crystallization. Silicate...     

Multiple episodes of tectonothermal processes in the Eastern Ghats granulite belt

A suite of rocks from Borra Carbonate Granulite Complex (BCGC) in the Eastern Ghats granulite belt displays superposed structures and overprinted mineral assemblages that reveal multiple episodes of tectonothermal reworking of the complex under granulite facies condition. Five distinct episodes of deformation (D₁, D₂, D₃, D₄ and D₅) and four phases of metamorphism (M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄) are recorded. The signature of the earliest tectonothermal event, D₁ is a gneissic foliation (S₁) denned by segregation of peak granulite facies mineral assemblages corresponding to prograde M₁ metamorphism. M₂ metamorphic overprint represents an episode of near-isobaric cooling of the complex under a static condition. D₂ represents an episode of ductile deformation manifested by isoclinal folding (F₂) and associated extensional structures, within a broad framework of coaxial bulk deformation. The present study reveals that D₂ took place subsequent to M₂ - Subsequent deformation, D₃, produced F₃ folds and also deformations of boudins formed during D₂. M₃, which is synchronous with F₃, represents a near isothermal decompression of the BCGC. This was followed by a weak structural readjustment (D₄), producing E-W cross folds. The latter was not, however, associated with any recognizable petrological reworking. In the terminal events, deformation (D₅) and mineral reactions (M₄) were localized along narrow intersecting shear zones. The latter acted as channelways for carbonic and still later hydrous fluid infiltration. The available thermobarometric data from BCGC and other areas of the Eastern Ghats belt reveal that reworking during M₂ and M₃ ensued in a thermally perturbed regime. The high thermal regime might also have persisted during carbonic fluid infiltration related to terminal reworking (M₄).     

Winkler地基上材料非线性矩形薄板主参数共振-主共振研究

研究Winkler地基上材料非线性矩形薄板的参数共振-主共振问题。建立Winkler地基上材料非线性矩形薄板的动力学方程。利用Galerkin方法将其转化为非线性振动方程。应用非线性振动的多尺度法求得系统满足主参数共振-主共振条件的近似解,并进行数值计算。分析激励、调谐值、阻尼系数、非线性参数、几何参数对共振响应曲线的影响。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in coastal areas: implications for sustainable agriculture

Seawater intrusion is a problem in the coastal areas of Korea. Most productive agricultural fields are in the western and southern coastal areas of the country where irrigation predominantly relies on groundwater. Seawater intrusion has affected agricultural productivity. To evaluate progressive encroachment of saline water, the Korean government established a seawater intrusion monitoring well network, especially in the western and southern part of the peninsula. Automatic water levels and EC monitoring and periodic chemical analysis of groundwater help track salinization. Salinization of fresh groundwater is highly associated with groundwater withdrawal. A large proportion of the groundwaters are classified as Na–Cl and Ca–Cl types. The Na–Cl types represent effects of seawater intrusion. The highest EC level was over 1.6 km inland and high Cl values were observed up to 1.2 km inland. Lower ratios of Na/Cl and SO₄/Cl than seawater values indicate the seawater encroachment. A linear relation between Na and Cl represents simple mixing of the fresh groundwater with the seawater. The saline Na–Cl typed groundwaters showed Br/Cl ratios similar to or less than seawater values. The Ca–HCO₃ type groundwaters had the highest Br/Cl ratios. Substantial proportions of the groundwaters showed potential for salinity and should be better managed for sustainable agriculture.     

土−水特征曲线测量过程中孔隙分布的演化规律探讨

测量了在宽广吸力范围内原状样和压实样的脱湿持水曲线,对比分析了单双峰结构持水性能的差异;并利用压汞试验测试两种土样在脱湿过程的孔隙分布,分析了两者的差异并探讨了脱湿过程孔隙的演化规律;在考虑收缩变形的基础上,基于孔隙分布曲线确定了土?水特征曲线的基本参数。试验结果表明：原状样在宽广吸力范围内基本上呈单峰孔隙结构;饱和压实样具有单峰孔隙结构,随着吸力的增加,双峰结构越来越明显,当吸力达到很大时,演化成完全双峰孔隙结构。原状样的持水曲线为经典的S形,而压实样的持水曲线在过渡段出现了水平台阶状;低吸力段,压实样的持水曲线低于原状样,而高吸力段,两者的持水曲线基本重合。基于孔隙分布曲线确定了控制持水曲线进气值和残余值的孔径,并计算出对应的吸力值,其值更符合实际物理意义。     

Study of geothermal water intrusion due to groundwater exploitation in the Puebla Valley aquifer system, Mexico

Significant intrusion of geothermal water into fresh groundwater takes place in the Puebla Valley aquifer system, Mexico. The decline in the potentiometric surface due to the overexploitation of the groundwater induces this intrusion. This hydrological system comprises three aquifers located in Plio-Quaternary volcanic sediments and Mesozoic calcareous rocks. The hydraulic balance of the aquifer shows that the annual output exceeds the natural inputs by 12 million m³. Between 1973 and 2002, a drop in the potentiometric surface, with an 80 m cone of depression, was identified in a 5-km-wide area located southwest of the city of Puebla. Chemical analyses performed on water samples since 1990 have shown an increase in total dissolved solids (TDS) of more than 500 mg/L, coinciding with the region showing a cone of depression in the potentiometric surface. A three-dimensional flow and transport model, based on the hydrogeological and geophysical studies, was computed by using the MODFLOW and MT3D software. This model reproduces the evolution of the aquifer system during the last 30 years and predicts for 2010 an additional drawdown in the potentiometric surface of 15 m, and an increase in the geothermal water intrusion.     

云南金厂金矿床蚀变超基性岩体与金的成矿作用

金矿化与蚀变超基性岩体的空间关系、矿化特征、蚀变超基性岩体、成矿流体、微量元素、硫同位素组成、表明金主要来源于金厂蛇纹石化、滑石化、碳酸盐化超基性岩体。在岩体蚀变过程中,在碱性相对还原的介质条件下,金主要以硫络合物的形式进入成矿溶液,在Ｔ、Ｐ、ＰＨ、Ｅｈ等物理化学参数发生变化的条件下沉淀。