喜马拉雅山北坡卡鲁雄曲径流与气候变化

以冰川融水补给为主的喜马拉雅山北坡的卡鲁雄曲流域,近20年平均气温以0.34 ^oC/10a的趋势上升,高于西藏年均温0.26 ^oC/10a的增长率,更是明显高于全国和全球气温的增长率,且极端最高温都出现在20世纪90年代。后10年气温 (1994~2003年) 比前十年 (1983~1993年) 升高0.5 ^oC,径流量增加了26%;不同月份径流增加强度不同,10~2月增加了44%,7~9月增加了27%,3~6月增加了24%。径流对气候变化的响应最灵敏 (一年中有8个月的增加趋势通过了α = 0.05的显著性检验),尤其是秋冬季的径流 (增加趋势超过α = 0.01的显著性检验)。受冰川消融和季风影响,不同时期的径流有不同的影响因素,但存在共性,即气温对径流起着积极主导作用,而降水对径流的影响具有不确定性,即正负双面效应。     

高空基本天气系统类别自动识别与沙尘暴系统识别试验

针对大气环流形势,从天气系统的定义出发,面向气象业务MICAPS格点文件数据格式,在矢量旋转追踪法等值线分析的基础上,有序提取等值线的控制点。经过滤波、查找各等值线特性点、剔除异常点等处理,获取沙尘暴高空影响天气系统的基本节点。利用多种特征参量设计了方便可行的算法,完成了槽脊系统的数据构建、分析并确定其地理位置。通过对数据场数值结构分析,建立了确定闭合天气系统位置及其高、低性质的算法。使用Visual Basic语言,开发了相应的沙尘暴高空基本影响天气系统类别自动分析软件,为实现概念模型自动预报系统、提高沙尘暴业务预报现代化水平打下了基础。     

Discontinuity controlled probabilistic slope failure risk maps of the Altindag (settlement) region in Turkey

The evaluation of potential rock slope problems using stereographic projection techniques known as kinematic analysis is one of the most important parts of a slope stability investigation to be carried out in jointed rock media. In conventional stereoprojection techniques for the assessment of possible rock slope failures, the peak orientations of joints together with the slope geometry and the friction angle of the weakness planes are used. Other possible joint orientations which may be encountered in the rock media are ignored, although they belong to the group of joint peak orientations. In this study, nearly vertical jointed andesites cropped out at the Altindag settlement region in Ankara were studied in order to evaluate the relevance of this ignored discontinuity orientation data on slope stability. As a result, probabilistic risk maps for planar, toppling and wedge failures were produced using the kinematic rules and digital elevation model of the study area. The comparison of the distribution of the actual failures in the area and the probabilistic risk maps prepared for the study area revealed that all of the identified failures are found to be located in the higher risk zones on the probabilistic risk maps.     

泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量与其影响因子的相关性分析

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量值进行连续24h观测,对其变化趋势及影响因素加以分析。结果表明:泥河水库24h均为大气CO2的源,其碳通量均值为26.50mg/(m2·h),全天源的极大值出现在1∶00为32.38mg/(m2·h),源的极小值出现在13∶00为20.15mg/(m2·h)。在春季影响泥河水库水-气界面CO2通量变化的主要因素是气温、叶绿素和风速,相关系数分别为0.671、0.625、0.253。结论:水库水-气界面CO2通量的变化是多种因素共同作用的结果,春季水库是大气CO2主要碳源之一。     

PolarGlobe: A web-wide virtual globe system for visualizing multidimensional,time-varying,big climate data

The increasing research interest in global climate change and the rise of the public awareness have generated a significant demand for new tools to support effective visualization of big climate data in a cyber environment such that anyone from any location with an Internet connection and a web browser can easily view and comprehend the data. In response to the demand, this paper introduces a new web-based platform for visualizing multidimensional, time-varying climate data on a virtual globe. The web-based platform is built upon a virtual globe system Cesium, which is open-source, highly extendable and capable of being easily integrated into a web environment. The emerging WebGL technique is adapted to support interactive rendering of 3D graphics with hardware graphics acceleration. To address the challenges of transmitting and visualizing voluminous, complex climate data over the Internet to support real-time visualization, we develop a stream encoding and transmission strategy based on video-compression techniques. This strategy allows dynamic provision of scientific data in different precisions to balance the needs for scientific analysis and visualization cost. Approaches to represent, encode and decode processed data are also introduced in detail to show the operational workflow. Finally, we conduct several experiments to demonstrate the performance of the proposed strategy under different network conditions. A prototype, PolarGlobe, has been developed to visualize climate data in the Arctic regions from multiple angles.     

鹤山龙口村边次生常绿阔叶林群落分析

鹤山龙口村边次生常绿阔叶林属季风常绿阔叶林类型, 其种类组成复杂多样而富于热带性, 据１２００ ｍ２ 的样方统计, 有维管束植物６２ 种, 分属于３２ 科、５４ 属, 其中, 属热带分布的有３２ 种, 属热带－ 亚热带分布的有２１ 种, 属亚热带分布的只有７ 种, 其余２ 种为世界分布。本群落的外貌终年常绿, 层次结构复杂而不明显, 样地内高于１－５ｍ 的立木有５２ 种１８５７ 株, 灌木层种类和株数尚多, １００ ｍ２ 内有１８５株, 草本层以乔灌木幼苗为主, 草本植物较少。群落组成结构与地带性常绿阔叶林相似, 乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数在４ 左右, 群落均匀度为０－７ ～０－９ , 生态优势度为０－０７ ～０－１０ , 但群落明显具有次生性, 大部分优势种群呈集群分布。若能减少人为干扰破坏, 本群落将向地带性典型植被类型演替。     

甘肃“5·5"黑风暴小波分析

用小波变换理论对１９９３年春季甘肃省河西走廊地区一场特大黑风暴进行了分析。结果表明，小波分析能比较客观地将时间序列中不同时间尺度的振动分离开，使我们能清楚地看到黑风暴中的中尺度扰动。     

非均质地基中平面应变隧道开挖面稳定上限分析

非均质是软黏土地基中比较普遍的现象,而目前隧道开挖面稳定研究中比较成熟的理论主要是针对均质土体。因此,从塑性极限分析上限法的基本原理出发,采用平面应变隧道刚体平动破坏模式(多块体上限法),考虑软黏土地基的非均质性,推导了平面应变隧道极限支护压力关于隧道埋深、土体重度及土体强度的上限公式。通过与其他方法的比较分析,证明了极限分析方法在隧道开挖面稳定性方面的可行性;利用该方法的计算结果详细探讨了隧道开挖面稳定的影响因素;而且由计算结果可知,地基土的非均质性在影响隧道开挖面极限支护压力的同时,也影响着隧道开挖破坏面的位置和形状,为工程实践提供重要的理论依据。