GGR Biennial Review: Atomic Absorption,Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry,Neutron Activation Analysis and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Review for 2008–2009

This review describes developments major and in trace element determination using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry that were reported in 2008 and 2009. Publication levels were comparable to those of previous years, except for XRF which showed an increase in the number of articles published in the past 2 years. In terms of number of publications and impact, the most active field was AAS, while INAA was the least active. As expected for well-established and mature methods, novel developments for all four analytical techniques were relatively sparse. For AAS, the most notable publications concerned developments in sample introduction, particularly focussing on solid samples, increasing analyte sensitivity, and higher sample throughput. For ICP-AES, publication of developments in sample introduction, remediation of matrix effects and calibration continues. Compared with past years, there was a clear focus on sample preconcentration methods, but very few publications reporting new hyphenated speciation methods. For INAA, there were several publications exploring the accuracy and robustness of the method, as well as the requirements for INAA to meet criteria for a primary method of measurement. Two other related techniques, delayed neutron activation analysis, and prompt gamma activation analysis, were also described. Hyphenated XRF techniques showed interesting developments in enabling XRF and XRD analysis on the same spot, and further work characterising and calibrating three-dimensional micro-XRF shows promising results for investigating sample heterogeneity.     

东昆仑得尔龙地区华力西期花岗岩地质地球化学特征及构造环境分析

东昆仑得尔龙地区花岗岩体侵位于二叠纪—三叠纪早期,岩石类型为黑云母花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、二云母二长花岗岩。早期次的黑云母花岗闪长岩中含有暗色的镁铁质矿物包体。SiO2含量为65.04%~73.47%,全碱含量为5.29%~8.52%,K2O/Na2O平均值为0.70,Al2O3平均为14.79%;亏损高场强元素Ta,Nb;∑REE平均为142.9×10-6,轻稀土元素相对富集,(La/Yb)N平均为17.15,δEu平均为0.71,表现为弱亏损。研究表明得尔龙地区花岗岩属次铝-过铝(高钾)钙碱性S型花岗岩,形成于后造山环境;岩浆源区的物质是多源的,主要为地壳物质的重熔,其次为幔源岩浆的底侵。     

福建平潭青峰老红砂物源示踪分析

本研究分别在平潭青峰、坛南湾和闽江口琅岐岛采集18个老红砂样品、19个海滩砂样品以及40个河滩砂样品,并对这些样品进行粒度和稀土元素(REE)测量。结果发现老红砂与闽江口琅岐岛河口砂的稀土元素含量特征十分接近;分别对老红砂与闽江河口砂REE数据以及坛南湾海滩砂与闽江口砂(REE)进行了判别函数分析,老红砂的∑REE平均值为84.25μg/g,琅岐岛河口砂的∑REE平均值为89.81μg/g,相似性明显;坛南湾海滩砂的∑REE平均值为16.41μg/g,与闽江河口砂含量差别较大。研究表明:青峰老红砂沉积物主要来源于闽江口河口砂,末次间冰期暖湿气候下闽江输砂量增大,河口外沿岸流增强,大量河砂进入海坛海峡,在强劲的季风搬运下,沉积于平潭岛北部,形成以青峰为代表的平潭岛北部老红砂;而坛南湾海滩砂代表海洋波浪搬运的泥沙,不是老红砂的物源。     

免烧粉煤灰滤料的制备及其性能的研究

为了扩大粉煤灰的应用范围,减少其对环境的污染,并且寻求一种新的水处理滤料的配方与制备方法,以粉煤灰、粘土为主要原料,以生石灰、石膏、水泥为激发剂,以H₂O₂（双氧水）、NaHCO₃为发泡剂,经搅拌、成型、自然冷却等工艺在实验室制备了免烧粉煤灰滤料.结果表明,如果以孔隙率作为主要的性能评价指标,制备免烧粉煤灰滤料的最佳质量配比为：粉煤灰46.30%,粘土13.89%,生石灰18.52%,水泥13.89%,石膏1.85%,纯H₂O₂ 5.55%,此时所制滤料的孔隙率为72.24%.     

中国雨季的一种客观定量划分

从客观分析角度出发,利用有序样本最优分割法对中国610个台站的气候平均（1961—2010年）候降水序列进行有序分割,给出中国不同区域的雨季定量划分。根据中国13个区域候降水量的气候平均值分布特征,并基于有序样本最优分割法的划分结果需同时满足分割段内波动小、段间差异大的要求,确定了各区域的合理分割数,通过制定3种雨季划分方案,对中国区域雨季进行了细致的定量划分。第1种方案将全年降水划分为雨季和旱季,结果表明,雨、旱两季差异明显的地区出现在华南西部沿海和新疆邻近区域;第2种方案将全年降水划分为雨季相对干期、雨季相对湿期和旱季3个降水阶段,这种特征出现的区域为华南大部分地区、江南地区、长江中下游地区、西南地区东部和南部,以及西北地区中东部;第3种方案将全年降水划分为春雨季、主雨季、秋雨季和旱季,出现这种特征的区域为长三角及淮河流域、黄淮和华北地区、东北地区、西北地区中部、内蒙古地区西部、青藏高原中东部及其以东地区。与已有的中国不同区域降水特征研究结果的比较表明,有序样本最优分割法不仅对中国雨季的划分客观有效,且其划分结果合理并具有明确的气象意义。     

磨抛光合成新材料在岩矿制片中的应用

作者利用所研制出来的磨抛光合成新材料与传统磨抛光工艺进行了对比试验。通过对多种最常使用的矿物或岩石的反复试验,结果表明合成新材料不仅大大提高了工作效率,还具有抛光速度快(所需时间仅为传统工艺的1/3~1/2),而且抛光效果极佳(基本无糙面或麻点),经久耐用,耗材极低和基本无巴盘打片现象。     

Calcium,Na, K and Mg Concentrations in Seawater by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Applications to IAPSO Seawater Reference Material,Hydrothermal Fluids and Synthetic Seawater Solutions

We report a measurement procedure to determine simultaneously the major cation concentrations (Na, Ca, K and Mg) of seawater‐derived solutions by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry. The best results were obtained when the IAPSO (‘standard’) seawater reference material was diluted by thirty times with Milli‐Q^® water. We obtained an average reference value r_K (the ratio of the mass fraction of potassium to that of chlorine, i.e., (g kg^?1)/(g kg^?1)) for IAPSO seawater of 0.0205 ± 0.0006 (2.9% RSD), not significantly different from 0.0206 ± 0.0005 (2.4% RSD) for seawater composition reported in the literature. The measured Na, Ca and Mg concentrations correspond to r_Na, r_Ca and r_Mg values of 0.5406 ± 0.0026 (0.5% RSD), 0.02192 ± 0.00048 (2.2% RSD) and 0.06830 ± 0.00047 (0.7% RSD), respectively, in line with previous values measured by wet‐chemistry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry or wet‐chemical titration. Our measurement procedure was used successfully on synthetic seawater solutions and high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids.     

Sulfur Concentration in Geochemical Reference Materials by Solution Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry

With implications for the origin of ore deposits, redox state of the atmosphere, and effects of volcanic outgassing, understanding the sulfur cycle is vital to our investigation of Earth processes. However, the paucity of sulfur concentration measurements in silicate rocks and the lack of well‐calibrated reference materials with concentrations relevant to the rocks of interest have hindered such investigations. To aid in this endeavour, this study details a new method to determine sulfur concentration via high mass resolution solution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The method is based on an aqua regia leach, involving relatively rapid sample preparation and analysis, and uses small test portion masses (< 50 mg). We utilised two independently prepared standard solutions to calibrate the analyses, resulting in 4% accuracy, and applied the method to eight geochemical reference materials. Measurements were reproducible to within ~ 10%. Sulfur concentrations and isotopes of six reference materials were measured additionally by elemental analyser‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry to independently evaluate the accuracy of the ICP‐MS method. Reference materials that yielded reproducible measurements identical to published values from other laboratories (JGb‐1, JGb‐2 and MAG‐1) are considered useful materials for the measurement of sulfur. Reference materials that varied between studies but were reproducible for a given test portion perhaps suffer from sample heterogeneity and are not recommended as sulfur reference materials.     

辽宁西丰一带侵入岩形成环境和成因探讨

西丰一带侵入岩即以前所说的西丰大岩体,是布列亚-张广才岭巨型花岗岩带组成部分.该巨型花岗岩带记录了造山带从古亚洲洋板块开始俯冲、洋盆闭合到增生造山演化过程的基本信息.现在已经将规模宏大的西丰大岩体进行了详细解体,重新归并成4个侵入期次,划分为11个侵入序次,统称辽宁省西丰一带侵入岩.在详细解体、重新归并和划分的基础上,进一步探讨了各序次侵入岩形成的温压条件、构造环境、物质来源与成因.早二叠世第一序次、第二序次侵入岩以及中侏罗世第一序次侵入岩为I型花岗岩,晚白垩世第三序次(闪长玢岩)也为I型,主要物质来源是地壳中岩浆岩重熔的成分.其余各序次侵入岩均为S型花岗岩,主要物质来源是地壳中沉积岩重熔的成分.西丰一带,早二叠世第一个序次侵入岩为火山弧型深成岩,早二叠世第二个序次侵入岩为火山弧型与同碰撞型的过渡类型.早二叠世第三序次至中侏罗世第各序次侵入岩和晚白垩世各序次侵入岩为同碰撞型和碰撞后型花岗岩.这些特征与古亚洲洋晚期的消减、闭合和增生造山演化序列基本吻合.     

西秦岭舒家坝地区泥盆纪舒家坝群碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄：源区特征与形成时代

以西秦岭舒家坝地区泥盆纪舒家坝群碎屑岩为研究对象,进行碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄研究,探讨其形成时代、物源组成和构造背景。所测样品最小锆石年龄组的年龄加权平均值为413Ma,代表了舒家坝群的沉积下限,结合前人研究的古生物资料将其形成时代限定为中泥盆世。所获碎屑锆石年龄可划分为4个谱段：震旦纪—古生代年龄谱段619~409Ma,峰值为445Ma;新元古代年龄谱段930~735Ma,峰值为849Ma;中元古代年龄谱段1760~1033Ma;新太古代—古元古代年龄谱段3095~2478Ma。综合研究认为,舒家坝群的物源具多元性,包括西秦岭北缘构造带、北祁连造山带东段和华北板块基底,其中北祁连造山带东段和西秦岭北缘构造带是舒家坝群沉积的主要物源区,且后者占主导地位。结合区域地质资料,根据其物源组成特征判断,舒家坝群形成于陆—陆或弧—陆碰撞后由挤压转换为伸展环境的局部裂陷盆地。