藏东南波堆藏布江谷地古冰碛堰塞湖初步研究

藏东南作为青藏高原内外动力作用最强烈的地区之一,是河流堰塞-溃决洪水链式灾害频发地区。研究该区域古堰塞湖的形成与演化,对认识、评估灾害风险具有重要意义。研究结果表明,波堆藏布江谷地保存有一套湖相沉积地层,通过地貌填图和光释光测年等手段,并结合前人研究成果,推测海因里希事件1(H1)以来波堆藏布江谷地可能发生了一期古堰塞湖事件。该古堰塞湖可能是由波堆藏布江侧蚀白玉沟沟口冰碛垄,致使冰碛物滑塌并阻江形成的,古湖的最大湖面面积约为18.8km2,库容蓄水量约为0.13km3。该古堰塞湖的形成时间可能介于H1～10ka之间,其溃决时间可能在～6ka之后,后期河流溯源侵蚀及下切作用形成了多级以湖相地层为基座的阶地。     

跨孔超高密度电阻率法在球状风化花岗岩体探测中的应用

稻城古冰帽中心海子山广布粒度成分不同的由冰碛物和冲洪积物等组成的松散堆积物,给高海拔宇宙线观测站(LHAASO)规划建设带来挑战。对高坡垄岗部位5处冰碛花岗岩砾石、堰塞盆地中2处阶地冲洪积物进行现场观测和取样分析。对106块砾石采用线面集中统计,得到冰碛物砾石数量占百分比较高的砾径为0.5~2.5 m,面积2.5~7.5 m²,体积5 m³。块石形状多为长方体-厚板状,部分面接触为主。采用音频大地电磁法(AMT)等进行探测,解释得到场地冰碛体厚约30 m。对冲洪积物的含砾土和细碎屑土的2个砂砾样品用筛分法和激光粒度法进行粒度成分测定,得中值粒径d₅₀=2 mm、0.7mm,不均匀系数C_u=5.40、2.42,曲率系数C_c=0.60、0.95。这两种冲洪积物均为不良级配的土,即均粒土。这些成因和结构不同的冰碛物和冲洪积物对工程布设有不同影响,在工程实践中给予了区分利用。     

辽西阜新夏家沟地区新元古界殷屯组发现的意义

在对辽西夏家沟地区出露的中元古界长城系、蓟县系岩石地层单位进行考察时,在中元古界长城系串岭沟组之上,发现了新元古界北方南华系下统殷屯组冰碛杂砾岩地体,该地体与中元古界长城系串岭沟组呈角度不整合接触.该项发现填补了辽西地区新元古代时期陆相岩石地层单位沉积的一项空白,对于讨论辽西地区新元古代地壳的演化历史增添了新的内容,具有重要的地质意义.     

Glaciotectonics of the ltterbeck - Uelsen push moraines,Germany

The two Saalian push moraines of ltterbeck - Uelsen, formed during the Older Saalian glaciation, consist of Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. Locally, glaciofluvial deposits are prominent as a result of reworking of older deposits by meltwater. The push moraines are built up from a number of imbricated and folded structural units, which have moved laterally and, in part, frontally from two glacial basins. Dominant structures are large, shallow and flat-lying glaciotectonic nappes that have been displaced over distances of at lest 1 km in the direction of tectonic transport. Overprinting relations of two deformation phases give a relative age difference between the two push morianes.     

地质内、外力作用形成的堰塞湖

该文简要介绍了地震堰塞湖、火山堰塞湖、冰碛堰塞湖的形成原因及特点。     

The Geomorphology of Valley-Floor Troughs Illustrated From Depositional Sequences in the Durance Valley,Southeast France

Three kinds of valley-floor troughs occur in the Durance catchment of southeast France. Details of widths and spatial variations of 10 different sedimentary forms are presented to show how these relate to the present types of troughs and their margins. Internal controls, such as geology, altitude, and available relief, provide a wide variety of conditions, which have been modified through time by external controls such as past and present climates and their hydrological regimes, as well as by anthropogenic activity over several millennia. The 10 sedimentary forms occupy more than 900 km² or 6.4% of the total catchment area, with the present enlarged floodplain having just over 50% of this area. The present channel occupies less than 10%, which is less than the Würm terrace (17.2%) but somewhat more than the marginal colluvia in the lower valley (8.6%). The other forms include older Pleistocene terraces, moraines from the last three glacial stages, and alluvial fans. It is the type of trough and its relative age that condition what, where, and how much of past and present sedimentary forms can survive.     

The morphological characteristics of glacial deposits during the Last Glaciation, taking the Parlung Zangbo River Basin as an example

Moraine morphology is a valuable indicator of climate change. The glacial deposits of ten valleys were selected in the Parlung Zangbo River Basin, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, to study the glacial characteristics of the Last Glaciation and the climate change processes as revealed by these moraines. Investigation revealed that a huge moraine ridge was formed by ancient glacier in the Marine Isotope Stage 2 （MIS2）, and this main moraine ridge indicates the longest sustained and stable climate. There are at least two smaller moraine ridges that are external extensions of or located at the bottom of the main moraine ridge, indicating that the climate of the glacial stage before MIS2 was severer but the duration was relatively shorter. This distribution may reflect the climate of MIS4 or MIS3b. The glacial valleys show multi-channel, small-scale moraine ridges between the contemporary glacial tongue and the main moraine ridge. Some of these multi-channel mo- raine ridges might be recessional moraine, indicating the significant glacial advance during the Younger Dryas or the Heinrich event. The moraine ridges of the Neoglaciation and the Little Ice Age are near the ends of the contemporary glaciers. Using high-precision system dating, we can fairly well reconstruct the pattern of climate change by studying the shape, extent, and scale characteristics of glacial deposits in southeastern Tibet. This is valuable research to understand the relationship between regional and global climate change.     

Comments on Jansson, K.N. and Glasser, N.F. (2008) “Modification of peripheral mountain ranges by former ice sheets: The Brecon Beacons, southern UK,” Geomorphology 97, 178–189

Jansson and Glasser (Jansson, K.N., Glasser, N.F., 2008. Modification of peripheral mountain ranges by former ice sheets: the Brecon Beacons, southern UK. Geomorphology 97, 178–189.) have recently provided unconventional interpretations of selected glacial erosional and depositional landforms in the Brecon Beacons, UK, based on remotely sensed imagery. These new interpretations contradict well-established and reliable evidence for the origins and ages of certain glacial landforms of this upland area and elsewhere. They suggest that during a post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice-sheet event ice flowed up supposed, essentially “fluvial” valleys producing “glacial lineations” and depositing marginal moraines at the valley heads and on cirque floors. We argue that their interpretations of some key landforms are incorrect and that they have ignored much of the previous dating and field geomorphological evidence. Sedimentary and morphological evidence (e.g., lack of erratic content; convex planform with respect to the headwall; relatively large height range of moraines; and close association with headwall extent, height, and steepness) all indicate that higher level cirque-floor and valley-head moraines in the Brecon Beacons (> c. 400 m) were formed by cirque glaciers. Available dating evidence indicates a Younger Dryas age. We demonstrate that the supposed “fluvial” valleys, comprising trough heads with steep headwalls, have more nearly parabolic than V-shaped cross profiles indicating substantial glacial modification. Field evidence shows that proposed key exemplar post-LGM glacial lineations are in fact debris flow deposits. We conclude that whilst the adoption of a macroscale approach can shed new light on large-scale, ice-sheet movements, this approach should not be undertaken without consideration of the associated field evidence.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of the Tam Pokhari glacial lake outburst flood in the Mt. Everest region,Nepal

The Tam Pokhari glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), which occurred in 1998 in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal, was evaluated using hydrodynamic models to gain a better understanding of the flow behaviour. The flood wave was analysed separately under rigid and erodible boundary conditions. In both cases, the calculated dam‐breach hydrograph, which had a peak discharge of about 10 000 m³/s, was routed through the Inkhu River, which originates from the lake. The morphologic changes along the river were also analysed and the results were compared with satellite images, field observations and recorded data. In the case of rigid boundaries, the routing procedure gradually attenuated the peaks of the hydrographs to account for hydraulic pooling in narrow gorges and storage in the channel. In the case of erodible boundaries, such effects were minimized due to the increment in channel capacity associated with erosion by debris flow. The study revealed that the GLOF event produced a large‐scale debris flow. Additionally, the results revealed that erosion and deposition took place intermittently, but that approximately 440 000 m³ of sediment was deposited about 14 km downstream from the lake mouth. The calculated peak of the water and sediment mixture at 14·4 km was found to be 30 000 m³/s, which is almost 6 times as large as that observed when the rigid boundary conditions were used. Further, the increase in the peaks of the hydrographs due to sediment transport was the primary reason for the destruction associated with the GLOF. These findings suggest that the local sedimentology and topography, as well as other geo‐hazard conditions in the area, should be carefully evaluated before recommending any control measures against GLOFs in the Himalayan region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雀儿山隧道冰碛地层冻胀力原位测试及计算分析

以国道317线雀儿山隧道为工程依托,进行了隧道洞口冰碛地层的冻胀力原位测试,同时结合数值模拟、理论模型计算等方法,得到了冻融圈厚度、冻胀压力以及冻结前后衬砌结构内外测的应力。在此基础上,计算得到了衬砌结构的轴力、弯矩分布和变化规律,并与已有研究结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：寒区隧道洞口段冰碛地层作为高原常见季冻土受低温影响显著,低温持续22 h时冻融圈厚度达2 m左右;采用隧道冻胀力计算模型计算得到的冻胀压力在19.8～158.3 kPa之间,原位测试的冻胀压力在40～240 kPa之间,其中拱脚处最小,仰拱处最大;冰碛地层冻结前后的衬砌结构内侧、外侧应力各自具有复杂的变化和分布规律,冻结状态下衬砌结构轴力呈“扇”形分布,弯矩呈“蝶”形分布。与相关研究成果比较分析表明,现场采用的原位测试方法合理,结果更准确。