地质内、外力作用形成的堰塞湖

该文简要介绍了地震堰塞湖、火山堰塞湖、冰碛堰塞湖的形成原因及特点。     

青藏高原年保玉则山末次冰期中期以来的湖泊演化与古冰川发育

冰蚀湖中的沉积物不仅记录了湖泊演化及气候变化的历史,还间接地反映冰川发育过程。年保玉则山（果洛山）下的希门错是在冰川强烈退缩后形成的一个典型冰蚀湖。从地域分布上讲,该区冰川发育遗迹分为4个部分,即上希门错以上、上希门错和希门错之间、希门错出口附近和希门错以北6～10km处。前人依据冰碛物的暴露年龄和上覆黄土的热释光年代将上述4组冰碛物划分为4次冰进,包括形成于MIS3阶段的尼格曲冰期、形成于末次盛冰期的希门错冰期、以上希门错和希门错之间的冰碛物作为标志的末次冰消期和形成于全新世的新冰期。通过对采自希门错长达12.8m的岩芯研究发现,希门错自约38kaB.P.以来有连续的湖泊沉积,这一地质证据说明在湖泊存在的这段时间内,冰川规模都没有超过现在湖泊所在位置。希门错冰期的形成时代应该至少老于湖泊沉积物底界的年龄,即大于38kaB.P.,而并非末次冰盛期的产物;尼格曲冰期的形成时代则应该更老。文章还初步分析了湖泊沉积物与冰碛物测年结果代表的不同意义和差别及其造成不一致的原因,认为冰碛物的暴露年代和热释光年代均可能代表了冰川退缩后的年代,而不能代表冰川的形成和发育年龄,冰川存在的时间要比通过冰碛物所测的年代更老。进一步深入研究青藏高原典型冰蚀湖的形成时代、演化过程不仅有利于对湖泊气候环境记录的全面认识,也将为冰川形成与演化历史、特别是冰川形成年代和其他测年资料的科学解释提供可靠的依据。     

辽西阜新夏家沟地区新元古界殷屯组发现的意义

在对辽西夏家沟地区出露的中元古界长城系、蓟县系岩石地层单位进行考察时,在中元古界长城系串岭沟组之上,发现了新元古界北方南华系下统殷屯组冰碛杂砾岩地体,该地体与中元古界长城系串岭沟组呈角度不整合接触.该项发现填补了辽西地区新元古代时期陆相岩石地层单位沉积的一项空白,对于讨论辽西地区新元古代地壳的演化历史增添了新的内容,具有重要的地质意义.     

THE ROLE OF LAKES IN MORAINE FORMATION,CHILEAN LAKE DISTRICT

The nested moraines of the Chilean Lake District have been used to establish a glacial chronology for southernmost South America. This paper focuses on non-climatic controls which may have modulated the climatic signal. It presents a model for formation of the moraines around Lagos Puyehue and Rupanco where there is a nested complex dating from the last glaciation. These moraines can be divided into two types on the basis of their form, position and constituent materials: rampart moraines are broad amalgamated moraine complexes whilst ridge moraines are narrow single ridges usually located around lakeshores. Both types have lateral moraines with low up-glacier longitudinal gradients. Sections in the moraines show they are largely composed of stratified glaciofluvial sediments overthrust on their proximal flanks by clay-rich diamicts containing reworked glaciofluvial material. Despite their different characteristics, a single model explains the features of both moraine types and their location around the down-glacier ends of the lakes. Moraine formation depends crucially on the presence of a layer of water-saturated, fine, impermeable sediment in the lake basins which allows the glacier lobes to advance with negligible surface gradients, probably on a deforming bed. Although the formation of moraines requires a climatically triggered advance, their precise position is not dictated by climatic factors but by contrasts in sediment permeability and grain-size.     

Tracing the temporal evolution of soil redistribution rates in an agricultural landscape using 239+240Pu and 10Be

Two principal groups of processes shape mass fluxes from and into a soil: vertical profile development and lateral soil redistribution. Periods having predominantly progressive soil forming processes (soil profile development) alternate with periods having predominantly regressive processes (erosion). As a result, short-term soil redistribution – years to decades – can differ substantially from long-term soil redistribution; i.e. centuries to millennia. However, the quantification of these processes is difficult and consequently their rates are poorly understood. To assess the competing roles of erosion and deposition we determined short- and long-term soil redistribution rates in a formerly glaciated area of the Uckermark, northeast Germany. We compared short-term erosion or accumulation rates using plutonium-239 and -240 (^239+240Pu) and long-term rates using both in situ and meteoric cosmogenic beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be). Three characteristic process domains have been analysed in detail: a flat landscape position having no erosion/deposition, an erosion-dominated mid-slope, and a deposition-dominated lower-slope site. We show that the short-term mass erosion and accumulation rates are about one order of magnitude higher than long-term redistribution rates. Both, in situ and meteoric ¹⁰Be provide comparable results. Depth functions, and therefore not only an average value of the topsoil, give the most meaningful rates. The long-term soil redistribution rates were in the range of −2.1 t ha^-1 yr^-1 (erosion) and +0.26 t ha^-1 yr^-1 (accumulation) whereas the short-term erosion rates indicated strong erosion of up to 25 t ha^-1 yr^-1 and accumulation of 7.6 t ha^-1 yr^-1. Our multi-isotope method identifies periods of erosion and deposition, confirming the ‘time-split approach’ of distinct different phases (progressive/regressive) in soil evolution. With such an approach, temporally-changing processes can be disentangled, which allows the identification of both the dimensions of and the increase in soil erosion due to human influence. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of the Tam Pokhari glacial lake outburst flood in the Mt. Everest region,Nepal

The Tam Pokhari glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), which occurred in 1998 in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal, was evaluated using hydrodynamic models to gain a better understanding of the flow behaviour. The flood wave was analysed separately under rigid and erodible boundary conditions. In both cases, the calculated dam‐breach hydrograph, which had a peak discharge of about 10 000 m³/s, was routed through the Inkhu River, which originates from the lake. The morphologic changes along the river were also analysed and the results were compared with satellite images, field observations and recorded data. In the case of rigid boundaries, the routing procedure gradually attenuated the peaks of the hydrographs to account for hydraulic pooling in narrow gorges and storage in the channel. In the case of erodible boundaries, such effects were minimized due to the increment in channel capacity associated with erosion by debris flow. The study revealed that the GLOF event produced a large‐scale debris flow. Additionally, the results revealed that erosion and deposition took place intermittently, but that approximately 440 000 m³ of sediment was deposited about 14 km downstream from the lake mouth. The calculated peak of the water and sediment mixture at 14·4 km was found to be 30 000 m³/s, which is almost 6 times as large as that observed when the rigid boundary conditions were used. Further, the increase in the peaks of the hydrographs due to sediment transport was the primary reason for the destruction associated with the GLOF. These findings suggest that the local sedimentology and topography, as well as other geo‐hazard conditions in the area, should be carefully evaluated before recommending any control measures against GLOFs in the Himalayan region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某露天铁矿冰碛土台阶边坡可靠性分析

以某露天矿边坡台阶为研究对象,提出一种新的可靠度求取方法———简化统计矩法。采用该法对原设计的台阶边坡和本研究所推荐的台阶边坡进行了可靠性分析。分析结果表明,台阶边坡破坏概率较高,主要是由冰碛土强度的固有不确定性、抗风化能力以及水理性质决定的,而边坡结构因素对其影响不显著。建议采取平台宽度3 m、3 m和16 m的三台阶组方案,同时采用截洪和护坡等有效措施来提高台阶边坡的稳定。     

Comments on Jansson, K.N. and Glasser, N.F. (2008) “Modification of peripheral mountain ranges by former ice sheets: The Brecon Beacons, southern UK,” Geomorphology 97, 178–189

Jansson and Glasser (Jansson, K.N., Glasser, N.F., 2008. Modification of peripheral mountain ranges by former ice sheets: the Brecon Beacons, southern UK. Geomorphology 97, 178–189.) have recently provided unconventional interpretations of selected glacial erosional and depositional landforms in the Brecon Beacons, UK, based on remotely sensed imagery. These new interpretations contradict well-established and reliable evidence for the origins and ages of certain glacial landforms of this upland area and elsewhere. They suggest that during a post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice-sheet event ice flowed up supposed, essentially “fluvial” valleys producing “glacial lineations” and depositing marginal moraines at the valley heads and on cirque floors. We argue that their interpretations of some key landforms are incorrect and that they have ignored much of the previous dating and field geomorphological evidence. Sedimentary and morphological evidence (e.g., lack of erratic content; convex planform with respect to the headwall; relatively large height range of moraines; and close association with headwall extent, height, and steepness) all indicate that higher level cirque-floor and valley-head moraines in the Brecon Beacons (> c. 400 m) were formed by cirque glaciers. Available dating evidence indicates a Younger Dryas age. We demonstrate that the supposed “fluvial” valleys, comprising trough heads with steep headwalls, have more nearly parabolic than V-shaped cross profiles indicating substantial glacial modification. Field evidence shows that proposed key exemplar post-LGM glacial lineations are in fact debris flow deposits. We conclude that whilst the adoption of a macroscale approach can shed new light on large-scale, ice-sheet movements, this approach should not be undertaken without consideration of the associated field evidence.     

雀儿山隧道冰碛地层冻胀力原位测试及计算分析

以国道317线雀儿山隧道为工程依托,进行了隧道洞口冰碛地层的冻胀力原位测试,同时结合数值模拟、理论模型计算等方法,得到了冻融圈厚度、冻胀压力以及冻结前后衬砌结构内外测的应力。在此基础上,计算得到了衬砌结构的轴力、弯矩分布和变化规律,并与已有研究结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：寒区隧道洞口段冰碛地层作为高原常见季冻土受低温影响显著,低温持续22 h时冻融圈厚度达2 m左右;采用隧道冻胀力计算模型计算得到的冻胀压力在19.8～158.3 kPa之间,原位测试的冻胀压力在40～240 kPa之间,其中拱脚处最小,仰拱处最大;冰碛地层冻结前后的衬砌结构内侧、外侧应力各自具有复杂的变化和分布规律,冻结状态下衬砌结构轴力呈“扇”形分布,弯矩呈“蝶”形分布。与相关研究成果比较分析表明,现场采用的原位测试方法合理,结果更准确。