Geometric corrections on sidescan sonar images based on bathymetry. Application with SeaMARC II and Sea Beam data

Acoustic backscatter images of the seafloor obtained with sidescan sonar systems are displayed most often using a flat bottom assumption. Whenever this assumption is not valid, pixels are mapped incorrectly in the image frame, yielding distorted representations of the seafloor. Here, such distortions are corrected by using an appropriate representation of the relief, as measured by the sonar that collected the acoustic backscatter information. In addition, all spatial filtering operations required in the pixel relocation process take the sonar geometry into account. Examples of the process are provided by data collected in the Northeastern Pacific over Fieberling Guyot with the SeaMARC II bathymetric sidescan sonar system and the Sea Beam multibeam echo-sounder. The nearly complete (90%) Sea Beam bathymetry coverage of the Guyot serves as a reference to quantify the distortions found in the backscatter images and to evaluate the accuracy of the corrections performed with SeaMARC II bathymetry. As a byproduct, the processed SeaMARC II bathymetry and the Sea Beam bathymetry adapted to the SeaMARC II sonar geometry exhibit a 35m mean-square difference over the entire area surveyed.On leave at the Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7420, Washington D.C. 20375-5350.     

河北易县M_L3.8、3.3地震同震形变响应及其震源机制

2010年7月30日河北省易县相继发生ML3.8、3.3地震,震中距离易县地震台仅7 km,震中附近主要以形变观测台站为主.虽然地震震级相对较小,但是12个形变测项均有不同程度的同震响应,这在中小地震的同震响应分析中是较为突出的震例.根据河北台网的地震波形资料对地震进行了重新定位.根据速报震中和重新定位震中分别计算两次地震的震源机制,震源断层初步断定为NEE向断层,断层表现为正断兼右旋走滑.     

FOCAL FAULTS AND STRESS FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF M7.0 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE IN 2017

On August 8, 2017, Beijing time, an earthquake of M7.0 occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with the epicenter located at 33.20°N 103.82°E. The earthquake caused 25 people dead, 525 people injured, 6 people missing and 170000 people affected. Many houses were damaged to various degrees. Up to October 15, 2017, a total of 7679 aftershocks were recorded, including 2099 earthquakes of M ≥ 1.0. The M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred in the northeastern boundary belt of the Bayan Har block on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where many active faults are developed, including the Tazhong Fault(the eastern segment of the East Kunlun Fault), the Minjiang fault zone, the Xueshan fault zone, the Huya fault zone, the Wenxian fault zone, the Guanggaishan-Daishan Fault, the Bailongjiang Fault, the Longriuba Fault and the Longmenshan Fault. As one of the important passages for the eastward extrusion movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Tapponnier et al., 2001), the East Kunlun fault zone has a crucial influence on the tectonic activities of the northeastern boundary belt of Bayan Kala. Meanwhile, the Coulomb stress, fault strain and other research results show that the eastern boundary of the Bayan Har block still has a high risk of strong earthquakes in the future. So the study of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake' seismogenic faults and stress fields is of great significance for scientific understanding of the seismogenic environment and geodynamics of the eastern boundary of Bayan Har block. In this paper, the epicenter of the main shock and its aftershocks were relocated by the double-difference relocation method and the spatial distribution of the aftershock sequence was obtained. Then we determined the focal mechanism solutions of 24 aftershocks(M ≥ 3.0)by using the CAP algorithm with the waveform records of China Digital Seismic Network. After that, we applied the sliding fitting algorithm to invert the stress field of the earthquake area based on the previous results of the mechanism solutions. Combining with the previous research results of seismogeology in this area, we discussed the seismogenic fault structure and dynamic characteristics of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Our research results indicated that:1)The epicenters of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence distribute along NW-SE in a stripe pattern with a long axis of about 35km and a short axis of about 8km, and with high inclination and dipping to the southwest, the focal depths are mainly concentrated in the range of 2~25km, gradually deepening from northwest to southeast along the fault, but the dip angle does not change remarkably on the whole fault. 2)The focal mechanism solution of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake is:strike 151°, dip 69° and rake 12° for nodal plane Ⅰ, and 245°, 78° and -158° for nodal plane Ⅱ, the main shock type is pure strike-slip and the centroid depth of the earthquake is about 5km. Most of the focal mechanism of the aftershock sequence is strike-slip type, which is consistent with the main shock's focal mechanism solution; 3)In the earthquake source area, the principal compressive stress and the principal tensile stress are both near horizontal, and the principal compressive stress is near east-west direction, while the principal tensile stress is near north-south direction. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake is a strike-slip event that occurs under the horizontal compressive stress.     

用双差地震定位法再次精确测定1998年张北-尚义地震序列的震源参数

1998年1月10日北京时间11时50分（03时50分UTC）,在北京西北约180 km的河北省张北县与尚义县交界地区发生的ML=6.2地震. 该地震是近年华北地区的重要地震事件. 由于地表未见明显的活动断裂展布,震后的野外考察未给出任何优势走向的地表破裂资料,余震分布也没有显示出优势的展布方向,因此发震构造不清楚.笔者曾应用主事件相对定位方法,对张北——尚义地震序列的主震和ML3.0余震重新精确定位,得出结论：张北——尚义地震序列的主震震中位置为41.145N、114.462E,位于宏观震中的北东方向约4km处,震源深度15 km; 余震震源分布在走向180～200、接近于竖直的平面内及其附近. 这一重新精确定位的结果表明,张北——尚义地震的发震构造是一北北东向的断层. 文中作者应用另一相对定位方法——双差地震定位法,对张北——尚义地震序列的主震和ML3.0余震再度进行精确定位. 双差地震定位法重新定位后,得出结论：张北——尚义地震序列的主震震中位置为41.131N、 114.456E,位于宏观震中的北东方向约2.5 km处,震源深度12.8 km; 余震震源也分布在走向N10E的接近于竖直的平面内及其附近. 这一重新精确定位的结果,再次表明张北——尚义地震的发震构造是一北北东向的断层.     

城市政府驻地搬迁对经济增长的影响研究

城市政府驻地搬迁是政府重新配置空间资源以达到优化空间结构并推动地区经济发展的行政手段。然而,当前中央政府对城市政府搬迁的谨慎态度与地方政府热衷搬迁的现实行为产生了矛盾,增强了对该政策评估研究的强烈需求。同时,以往研究较少关注城市政府驻地搬迁对整体经济的影响,且缺乏大样本实证证据。本文选取1996—2016年城市面板数据,采用倾向得分匹配倍差法检验城市政府驻地搬迁对经济增长的影响。结果表明,城市政府驻地搬迁对城市经济增长起到了显著的促进作用,而城市发展因素会调节搬迁带来的经济增长效应,产生异质性结果。其中,搬迁距离、经济发展水平、固定资产投资率、政府干预等城市发展因素会放大搬迁产生的经济增长效应,建设用地增长率会缩减这一效应,而城市规模对搬迁带来的经济增长没有显著的调节作用。从时间效应上来看,城市政府驻地搬迁对城市经济增长具有长期促进作用,并在搬迁约7年后随时间推移逐渐增强。本研究不仅直接检验了城市政府驻地搬迁对城市整体经济增长的促进效应,为优化行政区划调整提供学术依据,也对评估地方政府驻地搬迁效果具有重要参考价值。     

门源地区地壳三维体波速度结构及地震重定位研究

本文使用甘肃、青海数字地震台网及中国地震科学探测台阵记录到的门源地区地震的P波和S波到时资料,应用双差层析成像方法联合反演了该地区的地壳三维速度结构和震源位置参数.结合地质构造背景,研究了门源M_S6.4地震孕育发生的深部介质环境及该地区速度结构与地震活动性之间的关系.结果表明：反演之后地震的走时残差均方根显著降低,重定位后的地震在垂直方向上呈现出与断层位置有关的条带状分布.门源地区地壳速度结构存在明显的不均匀性,浅层P波和S波速度结构与地表地质构造及地形特征密切相关.研究区内地震活动性与地壳速度结构具有很强的对应关系,地震主要分布在高速异常区域及其边缘.门源M_S6.4地震震中附近的P波和S波速度结构表现出明显的高速异常,且在震源区下方存在P波低速层,这种特殊的构造条件可能是导致此次地震发生的重要原因.

     

漾濞M6.4地震序列M≥5.0地震震源机制解及构造特征

基于滇西北密集台阵资料,采用绝对定位结合相对定位方法,对漾濞M6.4地震的前-主-余震进行重定位。同时,利用CAP全波形反演震源机制方法,获得此次地震序列中M≥5.0地震的震源机制解和矩心深度,并结合地震序列精定位结果对漾濞地震进行分析。结果表明,漾濞地震序列呈NW向展布,长约25~30 km,宽约5 km,主震在整个序列空间北端,且北部余震较集中。漾濞M6.4主震矩震级为M_W6.03,矩心深度5.8 km,节面Ⅱ走向133°、倾角75°、滑动角-164°,与序列空间展布方向一致,为NW-SE向。M≥5.0地震震源机制和地震震源深度剖面皆表现为高倾角,且从北西到南东有变缓趋势,M6.4地震具有东南侧单侧破裂特征,节面Ⅱ为发震断层面。漾濞M6.4地震为一次NW向高倾角右旋走滑型地震,发震构造为维西-乔后-巍山断裂带西侧一条NW向的隐伏断裂或次生断裂,该断裂可能与维西-乔后断裂带不完全平行,存在一定夹角。     

浅析增减挂钩政策在黄河滩区居民迁建工作中的作用——以山东省菏泽市为例

土地增减挂钩政策具有的多重效应,在山东省菏泽市黄河滩区居民迁建工作中起到了推动作用。既能为黄河滩区居民迁建筹集资金,还能为黄河滩区后期的经济建设发展提供有力支撑。使滩区发展同乡村振兴、黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展等战略有效衔接,持续巩固脱贫攻坚成果,拓宽增收致富渠道,确保黄河滩区群众安居乐业。     

The 1998 Hida Mountain, Central Honshu, Japan, earthquake swarm: Double-difference event relocation, frequency–magnitude distribution and Coulomb stress changes

By using the double-difference relocation technique, we have determined the fine structure of seismicity during the 1998 Hida Mountain earthquake swarm. The distribution of seismic activity defines two main directions (N–S and E–W) that probably correspond to the regional stress pattern. The detailed structure of seismicity reveals intense spatio-temporal clustering and earthquake lineations. Each cluster of events contains a mainshock and subsequent aftershock activity that decays according to the Omori law. The seismicity and the b-value temporal and spatial patterns reflect the evolution of the static stress changes during the earthquake swarm. About 80% of the swarm's best-relocated events occur in regions of increased ΔCFF. The smaller value of b found in the northern part of the swarm region and a larger b-value observed to the south, for the same period of time, could be well explained by the static stress changes caused by the larger events of the sequence. We argue that the state of stress in the crust is the main factor that controls the variation of b-value.     

Relocation of the MS5.7 Earthquake Sequence in Songyuan, Jilin Province, 2018 and the Analysis of Its Seismogenic Structure

The 2018,Songyuan,Jilin M_S5. 7 earthquake occurred at the intersection of the FuyuZhaodong fault and the Second Songhua River fault. The moment magnitude of this earthquake is M_W5. 3,the centroid depth by the waveform fitting is 12 km,and it is a strike-slip type event. In this paper,with the seismic phase data provided by the China Earthquake Network, the double-difference location method is used to relocate the earthquake sequence,finally the relocation results of 60 earthquakes are obtained. The results show that the aftershock zone is about 4. 3km long and 3. 1km wide,which is distributed in the NE direction. The depth distribution of the seismic sequence is 9km-10 km. 1-2 days after the main shock,the aftershocks were scattered throughout the aftershock zone,and the largest aftershock occurred in the northeastern part of the aftershock zone. After 3-8 days,the aftershocks mainly occurred in the southwestern part of the aftershock zone. The profile distribution of the earthquake sequence shows that the fault plane dips to the southeast with the dip angle of about 75°. Combined with the regional tectonic setting,focal mechanism solution and intensity distribution,we conclude that the concealed fault of the Fuyu-Zhaodong fault is the seismogenic fault of the Songyuan M_S5. 7 earthquake. This paper also relocates the earthquake sequence of the previous magnitude 5. 0 earthquake in 2017. Combined with the results of the focal mechanism solution,we believe that the two earthquakes have the same seismogenic structure,and the earthquake sequence generally develops to the southwest. The historical seismic activity since 2009 shows that after the magnitude 5. 0 earthquake in 2017,the frequency and intensity of earthquakes in the earthquake zone are obviously enhanced,and attention should be paid to the development of seismic activity in the southwest direction of the earthquake zone.