Thermal model for the Zanskar Himalaya

ABSTRACT Crustal thickening along the northern margin of the Indian plate, following the 50 Ma collision along the Indus Suture Zone in Ladakh, caused widespread high-temperature, medium-pressure Barrovian facies series metamorphism and anatexis. In the Zanskar Himalaya metamorphic isograds are inverted and structurally telescoped along the Main Central Thrust (MCT) Zone at the base of the High Himalayan slab. Along the Zanskar valley at the top of the slab, isograds are the right way-up and are also telescoped along northeast-dipping normal faults of the Zanskar Shear Zone (ZSZ), which are related to culmination collapse behind the Miocene Himalayan thrust front. Between the MCT and the ZSZ a metamorphic-anatectic core within sillimanite grade rocks contains abundant leucogranite-granite crustal melts of probable Himalayan age. A thermal model based on a crustal-scale cross-section across the Zanskar Himalaya suggests that M₁ isograds, developed during early Himalayan Barrovian metamorphism, were overprinted during high-grade MCT-related anatexis and folded around a large-scale recumbent fold developed in the hanging wall of the MCT.     

新疆西准噶尔接特布调A型花岗岩年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

西准噶尔乃至整个北疆地区广泛发育晚古生代后碰撞花岗岩类。接特布调岩体作为一个典型的代表, 岩石类型主要有中粗粒二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩, 是认识西准噶尔花岗岩岩石成因及构造-岩浆演化的关键。本文对接特布调岩体进行高精度锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年, 获得二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩的加权平均206Pb/238U年龄分别为(287±9) Ma(n=10, MSWD=0.92)和(278±3) Ma(n=14, MSWD=0.43), 确定其形成于早二叠世, 属于300 Ma前后准噶尔周边地区后碰撞岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学研究表明, 前人认为的接特布调I型花岗岩应归属于A型花岗岩。正长花岗岩具有高硅(SiO2: 76.11%~76.82%), 富碱(Na2O+K2O: 8.47%~8.49%), 低钛(TiO2: 0.04%~0.05%), 贫钙(CaO: 0.36%~0.42%)的特征。二长花岗岩与其类似, 高硅(SiO2: 68.35%~71.80%), 富碱(Na2O+K2O: 6.80%~7.86%), 低钛和钙(TiO2: 0.29%~0.82%, CaO: 1.76%~2.87%), 均属于准铝质或弱过铝质(ACNK: 0.98~1.09)高钾钙碱性系列。正长花岗岩相对于二长花岗岩具有相对较低的稀土元素总量(ΣREE)(分别为23.8×10-6~49.3×10-6, 95.23×10-6~222.2×10-6), 并具有明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*分别为0.01~0.02, 0.57~0.72), 另外, 正长花岗岩相对二长花岗岩明显地富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、K)及高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb), 而强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Eu、Ti等, 具有较高的10000Ga/Al比值(>2.44)。依据微量元素比值及相关判别图, 可将接特布调花岗岩体进一步细分为A1型和A2型。接特布调岩体就位于后碰撞环境, 来源于由年轻的地幔来源物质组成的下地壳。在后碰撞岩浆活动的初期, 年轻的下地壳部分熔融形成具有岛弧印迹的A2型二长花岗岩岩浆, 随着岩石圈进一步伸展, 可能在局部出现类似裂谷的环境, 即形成显示裂谷特征的A1型正长花岗岩岩浆。     

鲁西徂徕山地区傲来山序列二长花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及其地质意义

出露于鲁西徂徕山地区的傲来山序列二长花岗岩是鲁西新太古代岩浆作用的重要记录,在野外地质工作的基础上,通过对其进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年代学研究,得到了二长花岗岩的形成时代,并对鲁西地区新太古代的岩浆活动进行了讨论。研究得到,谐和度90%的锆石中存在岩浆锆石~2 520Ma和继承性岩浆锆石2611Ma~2 766Ma两个年龄区间。岩浆锆石的加权平均年龄为(2 525±18)Ma,认为这一年龄代表了二长花岗岩的形成年龄。2 611Ma~2 766Ma继承性岩浆锆石的存在反映了鲁西地区至少经历了2次壳源物质的重熔和加入。     

Investigation for geothermal energy in Sweden

Preliminary investigations of the geothermal energy potential in Sweden are being carried out in crystalline rocks of Precambrian age, as well as in the Triassic Buntsandstone. The geothermal potential of fracture zones is also being investigated. Different methods for prospecting have been tried and compared.     

广西六万山印支早期花岗岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

广西六万山印支早期花岗岩的岩性主要为堇青黑云二长花岗岩,根据岩石结构特征及侵入接触关系可划分为4个侵入单元。利用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测定技术,4个侵入单元的锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为252.8±1.9Ma（MSWD=0.92）、249.2±1.9Ma（MSWD=1.2）、248.3±3.2Ma（MSWD=2.1）、246.8±2.8Ma（MSWD=2.2）。地球化学分析结果表明,花岗岩在岩石化学上富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K等,相对亏损高场强元素Ta、Nb、Ti等,反映出与俯冲带有关的岛弧岩浆岩相似的地球化学特征。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线呈右倾型,具明显的Eu负异常,相对富集重稀土元素,与典型壳源花岗岩配分曲线一致。部分熔融与分离结晶模型（La/Sm-La）显示,花岗岩主要由部分熔融作用形成,演化过程经历了一定程度的分离结晶作用。结合花岗岩岩石化学特征、微量元素地球化学特征及花岗岩构造环境判别图解,认为六万山印支早期花岗岩的形成经历了早期洋-陆俯冲阶段到晚期陆-陆碰撞阶段的构造演化过程。     

Lower Carboniferous post-orogenic granites in central-eastern Sierra de Velasco,Sierras Pampeanas,Argentina: U–Pb monazite geochronology,geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopes

The central-eastern part of the Sierra de Velasco (Sierras Pampeanas, NW Argentina) is formed by the large Huaco (40 × 30 km) and Sanagasta (25 × 15 km) granite massifs and the small La Chinchilla stock (2 × 2 km). The larger granites intrude into Ordovician metagranitoids and crosscut Devonian (?) mylonitic shear zones, whereas the small stock sharply intrudes into the Huaco granite. The two voluminous granites are biotitic-muscovitic and biotitic porphyritic syeno- to monzogranites. They contain small and rounded tonalitic and quartz-dioritic mafic microgranular enclaves. The small stock is an equigranular, zinnwaldite- and fluorite-bearing monzogranite. The studied granites are silica-rich (SiO₂ >70%), potassium-rich (K₂O >4%), ferroan, alkali-calcic to slightly calk-alkalic, and moderately to weakly peraluminous (A/CNK: 1.06–1.18 Huaco granite, 1.01–1.09 Sanagasta granite, 1.05–1.06 La Chinchilla stock). They have moderate to strong enrichments in several LIL (Li, Rb, Cs) and HFS (Nb, Ta, Y, Th, U) elements, and low Sr, Ba and Eu contents. U–Pb monazite age determinations indicate Lower Carboniferous crystallization ages: 350–358 Ma for the Huaco granite, 352.7 ± 1.4 Ma for the Sanagasta granite and 344.5 ± 1.4 Ma for the La Chinchilla stock. The larger granites have similar ?Nd values between ?2.1 and ?4.3, whereas the younger stock has higher ?Nd of ?0.6 to ?1.4, roughly comparable to the values obtained for the Carboniferous San Blas granite (?1.4 to ?1.7), located in the north of the sierra. The Huaco and Sanagasta granites have a mainly crustal source, but with some participation of a more primitive, possibly mantle-derived, component. The main crustal component can be attributed to Ordovician peraluminous metagranitoids. The La Chinchilla stock derives from a more primitive source, suggesting an increase with time in the participation of the primitive component during magma genesis. The studied granites were generated during a post-orogenic period in a within-plate setting, possibly as a response to the collapse of the previous Famatinian orogen, extension of the crust and mantle upwelling. They are part of the group of Middle Devonian–Lower Carboniferous granites of the Sierras Pampeanas. The distribution and U–Pb ages of these granites suggests a northward arc-parallel migration of this mainly post-orogenic magmatism with time.     

花岗岩构造岩浆组合

花岗岩的构造岩浆组合主要反映花岗岩的岩浆类型与大地构造环境之间的成因联系。从全球范围来看,结合中国的地质实际,花岗岩的构造岩浆组合可以区分为5种主要类型：（1） 洋壳俯冲消减型,如太平洋两岸的大陆边缘;（2）陆—陆碰撞型,如喜马拉雅—冈底斯碰撞造山带;（3）陆缘伸展型,如中国东南部伸展型大陆边缘、北美西部盆岭省;（4）陆内断裂拗陷型,如长江中下游断裂拗陷、钱塘江—信江断裂拗陷;（5）裂谷型,如东非裂谷、攀西裂谷。通过钙碱指数（CA）和铝饱和指数（ASI）的计算,可以大体获知花岗岩的岩浆类型。造山带花岗岩的时空演变规律是：俯冲型→碰撞型→伸展型。亦可表述为：前碰撞花岗岩→同碰撞花岗岩→后碰撞花岗岩。但不能一概而论,只有在对不同造山带花岗岩的具体情况进行认真分析对比之后,才能对花岗岩的构造岩浆组合作出判断。     

青藏高原拉萨地体中西段亚日二长花岗岩岩石成因及构造意义: 年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素证据

广泛分布在拉萨地体的中生代岩浆岩越来越受到地质学者的关注和研究,其研究成果对拉萨地体演化过程具有重要地质意义,而拉萨地体西段晚侏罗世亚日二长花岗岩体岩石成因、岩浆源区性质目前尚未得到很好地约束。对拉萨地体中西段亚日二长花岗岩体进行岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Lu-Hf同位素特征研究,结果显示岩体锆石U-Pb年龄为152.1±1.5 Ma,表明其形成于晚侏罗世。二长花岗岩SiO2含量为73.55%~74.19%,P2O5为0.12%~0.14%,铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为1.07~1.23,主要为一套过铝质高钾钙碱性系列。稀土元素总量（ΣREE）在104.12×10-6~247.22×10-6之间,（La/Yb）N值为32.14~51.03,明显富集轻稀土元素,具有明显的负Eu异常（δEu=0.54~0.68）,稀土元素配分型式呈右倾特征;微量元素特征显示,样品具有富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb、Th、U,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）Nb、Ti的特征,整体显示其为一套高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质S型花岗岩。岩石学、年代学及地球化学研究综合表明,新特提斯洋壳向北和班公湖-怒江洋壳向南的双向俯冲作用引起冈底斯微陆块与下察隅岩浆弧带发生陆-弧碰撞,而被板块俯冲作用卷入新生地壳的泥质岩夹杂砂岩在受热后抬升减压过程中发生部分熔融,形成晚侏罗世亚日S型二长花岗岩,同时研究区在晚侏罗世可能处于构造背景体制的转换阶段,即可能处于由俯冲向碰撞作用过渡的演化过程。     

西秦岭天水地区太白花岗岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

秦岭造山带南缘勉略构造带北侧发育有近东西向展布的印支期花岗岩带,位于甘肃徽县地区的太白岩体是该花岗岩类的一部分。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄表明,太白岩体的形成时代为221.8Ma±1.5Ma,属于印支期晚期。主要岩石类型为灰白色—肉红色中细粒二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。地球化学特征表明,太白岩体属于准铝质—弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素总量ΣREE为79.0×10-6~194×10-6,稀土元素配分模式呈轻稀土元素强烈富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的右倾型,Eu负异常明显;高场强元素（HFSE）Nb、P、Ti、Y、Yb和大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr强烈亏损。太白岩体是以中基性岩石为主的壳源物质部分熔融形成的岩浆上升侵位形成的,且处于同碰撞（挤压环境）向后碰撞（伸展环境）转化阶段,为后造山期花岗岩,是扬子板块和华北板块全面碰撞导致增厚下地壳物质部分熔融的产物。