A model for stress and plastic strain induced nonlinear,hyperelastic anisotropy in soils

The experimental evidence that cohesive and granular soils possess an elastic range in which the elasticity is both nonlinear and anisotropic—with stiffness and directional characteristics strongly dependent on stress and plastic strain (the so‐called ‘stress history’)—is given a formulation based on hyperelasticity. This is accomplished within the framework of elastoplastic coupling, through a new proposal of elastic potentials and a combined use of a plastic‐strain‐dependent fabric tensor and nonlinear elasticity. When used within a simple elastoplastic framework, the proposed model is shown to yield very accurate simulations of the evolution of elastic properties from initial directional stiffening to final isotropic degradation. Within the proposed constitutive framework, it is shown that predictions of shear band formation and evolution become closer to the existing experimental results, when compared to modelling in which elasticity does not evolve. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytical solutions for a three‐invariant Cam clay model subjected to drained loading histories

Analytical solutions are derived for a three‐invariant Cam clay model subjected to proportional and circular drained loading histories. The solutions are presented for a specific volume, and volumetric and generalized shear strains. In the case of a proportional loading only straight effective stress paths are considered while in the case of a circular loading the maximum possible change in Lode's angle is π/3 due to plastic isotropy. Additionally, a concept of deviatoric stiffness is devised and an analytical expression for the generalized hardening modulus is derived. Qualitative and quantitative analyses are carried out in the form of direct comparisons between analytical solutions for drained and undrained loading histories thus offering an improved understanding of the three‐invariant model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of the construction process on the deformation behaviour of diaphragm walls in soft clayey ground

Conventional numerical predictions of deep excavations normally neglect the construction process of the retaining structure and choose the earth pressure at rest as initial condition at the beginning of the simulation. The presented results of simulation and measurements during the construction process of the Taipei National Enterprise Center show, that such an assumption leads to an underestimation of the horizontal wall deflection, the surface ground settlements as well as the loading of the struts in case of normally to slightly over‐consolidated clayey soil deposits. The stepwise installation process of the individual diaphragm wall panels results in a substantial modification of the lateral effective stresses in the adjacent ground. Especially the pouring process of the panel and the fresh concrete pressure causes a partial mobilization of the passive earth pressure and a distinct stress level increase in the upper half of the wall. As a consequence of the increased stresses prior to the pit excavation, up to 15% greater ground and wall movements are predicted. Moreover, the increased stress level due to the installation process of the diaphragm wall leads to substantial higher strut loadings during the excavation of the pit. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软黏土卸荷变形特性室内试验研究与数值模拟

利用在常规三轴仪的基础上改制而成的应力控制式三轴仪进行了加(卸)荷作用下软黏土变形特性的室内试验研究,得到了以下的结论:(1)在加荷载和卸荷载大小相同的情况下,卸荷过程中的变形量比加载过程中的变形量小,约为加载过程中的变形量的十分之一;(2)当卸荷比例比较小时,试样的回弹变形量非常小;(3)当卸荷比例达到某一定值以后,...     

大水矿山截水帷幕注浆工程施工关键技术

大水矿山开采的难点之一是防治水,如何进行有效治理乃是困扰这些矿山开采的重要课题,也是一项系统性工程。通过对新桥硫铁矿二期扩建防治水工程的实践,重点讨论了新型粘土改性固化浆液帷幕注浆工程成功应用的经验,对富水矿山的治理工程进行了有益探索,具有探索性的意义。     

洛川黄土/古土壤中有机碳的分布特征及其与粘土矿物的相关性

系统测定了陕西洛川黑木沟黄土/古土壤的总有机碳及其主要组分(稳定有机碳、矿物保护有机碳和化学稳定有机碳)的含量,并对总有机碳与粘粒含量及粘土矿物含量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)各层古土壤的总有机碳含量均高于其下伏的黄土层(S4例外),而稳定有机碳、矿物保护有机碳以及化学稳定有机碳的平均含量在黄土与古土壤之间无明显差异;(2)黄土和古土壤中有机碳含量达到稳定所需要的时间不同,分别是140~250 ka和330~410ka;(3)总有机碳和化学稳定有机碳与粘粒呈正相关关系(相关系数r分别为0.46和0.54),它们与粉粒和细砂粒的相关性较差,这说明粘粒是土壤固定有机碳的重要组分;(4)高岭石与总有机碳和化学稳定有机碳的相关性比较明显(r分别为0.74和0.61),伊利石和蒙脱石与它们不相关或相关性较差。     

山西本溪组铝土矿成矿条件及成矿规律探讨

通过对山西石炭系本溪组铝土矿,即华北G层铝土矿形成的构造背景、古地理环境及铝土矿床的分布分析,指出了山西铝土矿矿床主要分布在各古陆、古岛边缘的成矿盆地中,且成矿盆地的封闭性越好越有利于成矿.古陆上广泛出露的铝硅酸盐岩经过风化分解,其中的K、Na、Ca、Mg等元素大多数被淋失,Fe、Al、Ti、Si等元素相对富集,残留在红土风化壳中,经海侵短距离机械搬运至沉积盆地沉积.通过对铝土矿成分及其围岩物质组分的分析,进一步确认沉积在古陆边缘的原始铝土矿层埋藏于潜水面以下的还原环境中,经地下水、地表水等酸性溶液的淋滤脱硅后沉积成矿,后经地壳抬升,通过对原始铝土矿的渗流作用、氧化改造而达到铝土矿的富集,且铝土矿多分布在靠近古陆边缘的缓坡一侧,在沟谷两侧的高山低洼处矿体较富,而埋藏越深越则不利于成矿.     

一个试样多级加荷三轴固结不排水剪试验研究

经过宁波、温州百余组软黏土一个试样多级加荷三轴固结不排水剪试验（简称多级剪）和常规多个试样试验（简称多样剪）的对比研究,表明对有剪切滑动面的软黏土两者差别较大;而对无剪切滑动面的软黏土在掌握一定试验经验和技巧下,可用多级剪代替。     

结构性对上海软土次压缩特性的影响

针对上海地区淤泥质粘土的原状土样（具有凝聚型结构）和重塑土样（具有分散型结构）进行一维压缩试验,探讨结构性对上海淤泥质软土次压缩特性的影响。结果表明,具有分散型结构重塑土的压缩指数Cc、次压缩系数Ca以及Ca／Cc为定值,并不随固结压力的变化而产生明显变化;但原状土在达到结构屈服强度时,由凝聚型结构向分散型结构转化,并造成Ce、Ca。以及Ca／Ce值迅速增大直至峰值,再随着压力的增大而减小。另外,结构上的大幅调整造成了原状土e-1gt曲线的反S特征不明显。     

Geotechnical characteristics of deep-sea sediments from the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans

Geotechnical properties from a series of deep-sea sites in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans are examined to evaluate overall trends and to compare with similar fine-grained soils found on land. The study areas encompass a range of sedimentary environments dominated by combinations of turbidite and pelagic deposits. Carbonate content in excess of 20% is seen to result in a decrease in liquid limit and compressibility. Vertical profiles of geotechnical properties in the North Pacific show broader changes in down-core geotechnical properties compared to the North Atlantic and reflect the effects of long-term climatic changes and seafloor spreading. Sediments in the North Atlantic indicate significant differences depending on location, which is attributed to variability in turbidite deposition, water depth, distance from sediment sources, and the effects of bottom currents. Compared to equivalent fine-grained soils on land, deep-sea sediments are generally softer, more compressible and have higher friction angles at comparable Atterberg limits. Deeper and older sediments in the North Pacific are characterized by unusually large plastic limits, which are attributed to the presence of volcanic fractions. Empirical relationships for compression index and friction angle are discussed for sediments from both oceans.