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241.
Present environment and historic changes from the record of lake sediments, Dhaka City, Bangladesh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Changes in the urban environment of Dhaka City have been evaluated from the geochemical compositions of bottom sediments from two lakes, Gulshan-1 and –2. Abundances of Pb, Zn, Fe2O3 and total sulfur in a Gulshan-1 core gradually increase toward the sediment–water interface. Three stages of condition change can be recognized in Gulshan-1, based on trace metal concentration patterns. The basal Stage I corresponds to background Dhaka sedimentation, whereas gradual increase in Stage II represents the beginning of pollution. Marked increases in Pb and Zn in Stage III reflect rapid urban development and increased emissions to the atmosphere. The condition of the Dhaka environment is compared to that of Japan based on Zn–Fe2O3 and Pb–Fe2O3 relations. Zn–Fe2O3 ratios in Stage I Dhaka sediments are similar to normal Japanese sediments, whereas Stage II data lie on the same trend as Japan urban sediments. Dhaka Stage III samples have greater Zn:Fe2O3 ratios than Japanese urban sediments, suggesting Zn pollution from poorly-controlled industrial sources. In contrast, the Dhaka Pb–Fe2O3 trend lies between normal and urban Japanese sediments. Although vehicle emissions in Dhaka are now significant, the data suggest that Pb pollution from this source remains in its early stages. 相似文献
242.
243.
Proof of settlement-time curve appearing “S” shape with ramp load
and its application base on stress-strain relationship 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Based on stress-strain relationship of soil, the proof is made for that s-t curve appears “S” shape when the load is increased linearly, which is similar to construction process. A new model of forecasting the relation of settlement-time is presented. Case history shows the rationality of the method. 相似文献
244.
我国公路泥石流病害严重,泥石流淤埋公路构建筑物是一类常见的公路泥石流病害类型。泥石流衰减动力学是防治泥石流淤埋病害的重要关键技术,也是泥石流运动学、动力学研究的核心问题之一。本文作者运用泥沙运动力学及流体力学原理,初步建立了泥石流固相颗粒和液相浆体的能量衰减条件,把泥石流衰减模式概化为两类,即能量抑制衰减和能量自由衰减;通过泥石流沉积模型试验,得到了不同粘度泥石流体的沉积扇变化形态,随着泥石流体粘度的增大,沉积扇边缘变陡、扩展范围变小、纵轴线长度减小等结论与实际情况吻合;初步建立了泥石流能量衰减速率计算方法。研究成果为防治公路泥石流病害奠定了基础。 相似文献
245.
Temporal and spatial variations in water flow and sediment load in Narmada River Basin, India: natural and man-made factors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Narmada River flows through the Deccan volcanics and transports water and sediments to the adjacent Arabian Sea. In a
first-ever attempt, spatial and temporal (annual, seasonal, monthly and daily) variations in water discharge and sediment
loads of Narmada River and its tributaries and the probable causes for these variations are discussed. The study has been
carried out with data from twenty-two years of daily water discharge at nineteen locations and sediment concentrations data
at fourteen locations in the entire Narmada River Basin. Water flow in the river is a major factor influencing sediment loads
in the river. The monsoon season, which accounts for 85 to 95% of total annual rainfall in the basin, is the main source of
water flow in the river. Almost 85 to 98% of annual sediment loads in the river are transported during the monsoon season
(June to November). The average annual sediment flux to the Arabian Sea at Garudeshwar (farthest downstream location) is 34.29×106 t year−1 with a water discharge of 23.57 km3 year−1. These numbers are the latest and revised estimates for Narmada River. Water flow in the river is influenced by rainfall,
catchment area and groundwater inputs, whereas rainfall intensity, geology/soil characteristics of the catchment area and
presence of reservoirs/dams play a major role in sediment discharge. The largest dam in the basin, namely Sardar Sarovar Dam,
traps almost 60–80% of sediments carried by the river before it reaches the Arabian Sea. 相似文献
246.
Snow load on mesh systems is complicated by many factors. This paper presents field instrumentation data on snow load variation with temperature, snowfall and snow depth on a mesh system. It was found that snow load pattern on mesh systems changed with temperature even without variation in snow depth. It reached its maximum value when the temperature rose just above freezing to melt the interface. The field data was used to formulate appropriate snow load models for the various conditions of temperature in the field. The snow load models were used to study the performance of a number of mesh systems in North America and estimate the interface friction that was prevalent for the different surface conditions. 相似文献
247.
The measurement of hillslope erosion can be a difficult, costly and time‐consuming activity. Many techniques are available, ranging from using environmental tracers, to LiDAR. Erosion measurements using erosion pins are assessed and compared with regional scale erosion data, hillslope data obtained using 137Cs and erosion modelling results. The pins produced erosion rates which are within the range determined using 137Cs and model data but above that of regional denudation rates. Our findings demonstrate that inexpensive erosion pins can provide reliable data on hillslope erosion. © 2015 Commonwealth of Australia. Hydrological Processes © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
248.
AbstractSediment yields from and sediment transfer within catchments of very low relief and gradient, which make up about 50% of Earth’s surface, are poorly documented and their internal sediment dynamics are poorly known. Sediment sources, their proportionate contributions to valley floors and sediment yield, and storage are estimated using fallout radionuclides 210Pb(ex) and 137Cs in the catchments that drain into Darwin Harbour, northern Australia, an example of this understudied catchment type that appears to be globally at the extreme end of this category of catchments. Unchannelled grassy valley floors (dambos, or seasonal wetlands) trap ~90% of the sediment delivered from hillslopes by sheet and rill erosion. Further down valley, small channels transport ~10% of the sediment that escapes from the dambos, and the remaining sediment comes from erosion of the channels. In this case, the fractional sediment storage is very high as a result of the existence of dambos, a landform that depends for its existence on low gradients. 相似文献
249.
250.