Tracing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus sources in catchments

Information on suspended sediment and particulate P (PP) sources is an important requirement in many catchment-based diffuse source pollution studies, in order to assist with model validation and to provide information to support the development of effective sediment and phosphorus control strategies. Such information is, however, frequently unavailable or difficult to assemble. In the study reported, source fingerprinting procedures were successfully used to assemble this information for seven sub-catchments in the Hampshire Avon catchment and five sub-catchments in the Middle Herefordshire Wye catchment. The results provide important new information on the relative importance of the contributions from surface and channel/subsurface sources to the suspended sediment and PP fluxes from the catchments. In the Wye sub-catchments channel/subsurface sources contributed 40–55% of the overall suspended sediment flux and 21–43% of the PP flux from the catchments. Equivalent values for the Avon were 1–41% and 1–54%, respectively. Combination of the information on the relative importance of surface and channel/subsurface sources with measured suspended sediment fluxes has provided the first estimates of the specific fluxes of sediment and PP attributable to channel/subsurface sources for UK catchments. The former are as high as 15–20 t km⁻² year⁻¹ in some of the Wye sub-catchments, whereas the latter exceeded 0.1 kgP ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the same sub-catchments. The results emphasize the need to take account of potential contributions from channel/subsurface sources when using measured suspended sediment and PP flux data to validate predictions derived from models incorporating only surface contributions.     

东太湖沉积物中多环芳烃-菲系列化合物的来源探讨

本文用索氏抽取法提取了东太湖的沉积物和水生植物中的可溶性有机质,用不同极性溶剂在硅胶／氧化铝柱上分离了饱和烃、芳烃、酮馏分,利用GC-MS至芳烃组分进行了鉴定分析,并对其中重要多环芳烃－菲系列化合物的来源进行了探讨。     

钢板混凝土联肢剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

以轴压比和钢连梁弯剪比为主要参数,设计并制作了3个1/4缩尺的钢板混凝土联肢剪力墙子结构,对试件施加恒定轴压力和水平往复加载.观察了各试件破坏特征,对比了顶层水平荷载-侧移曲线和骨架曲线以及延性系数和等效黏滞阻尼系数等抗震性能指标.结果表明:高轴压比会使整个试件的延性变差;弯剪比越大试件耗能能力越好,弯剪比越小试件刚度...     

Variation in the sediment deposition behind check‐dams under different soil erosion conditions on the Loess Plateau,China

To maintain a reasonable sediment regulation system in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, it is critical to determine the variation in sediment deposition behind check‐dams for different soil erosion conditions. Sediment samples were collected by using a drilling machine in the Fangta watershed of the loess hilly–gully region and the Manhonggou watershed of the weathered sandstone hilly–gully (pisha) region. On the basis of the check‐dam capacity curves, the soil bulk densities and the couplet thickness in these two small watersheds, the sediment yields were deduced at the watershed scale. The annual average sediment deposition rate in the Manhonggou watershed (702.0 mm/(km²·a)) from 1976 to 2009 was much higher than that in the Fangta watershed (171.6 mm/(km²·a)) from 1975 to 2013. The soil particle size distributions in these two small watersheds were generally centred on the silt and sand fractions, which were 42.4% and 50.7% in the Fangta watershed and 60.6% and 32.9% in the Manhonggou watershed, respectively. The annual sediment deposition yield exhibited a decreasing trend; the transition years were 1991 in the Fangta watershed and 1996 in the Manhonggou watershed (P < 0.05). In contrast, the annual average sediment deposition yield was much higher in the Manhonggou watershed (14011.1 t/(km²·a)) than in the Fangta watershed (3149.6 t/(km²·a)). In addition, the rainfalls that induced sediment deposition at the check‐dams were greater than 30 mm in the Fangta watershed and 20 mm in the Manhonggou watershed. The rainfall was not the main reason for the difference in the sediment yield between the two small watersheds. The conversion of farmland to forestland or grassland was the main reason for the decrease in the soil erosion in the Fangta watershed, while the weathered sandstone and bare land were the main factors driving the high sediment yield in the Manhonggou watershed. Knowledge of the sediment deposition process of check‐dams and the variation in the catchment sediment yield under different soil erosion conditions can serve as a basis for the implementation of improved soil erosion and sediment control strategies, particularly in semi‐arid hilly–gully regions. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土柱考虑损伤累积的反复荷载-位移关系分析

为能在反复荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱的荷载-位移关系分析中考虑柱低周疲劳性能,提出了一损伤模型,对柱中纵向受力钢筋和混凝土的损伤状态作评估与记录。将这一记录材料性能信息的损伤指标带入材料各自的恢复力模型以考虑产生损伤后材料的强度和刚度退化。基于多弹簧模型对不同变幅加载路径下及等幅低周疲劳加载下钢筋混凝土柱的空间反应进行了数值计算模拟。与已有试验结果比较表明,所提材料层次上的损伤累积模型以及考虑损伤累积效应的柱构件空间荷载-位移关系分析方法具有一定的精度,为钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能分析提供了一个辅助工具。     

Sediment routing hypothesis for pool‐riffle maintenance

This paper provides comprehensive evidence that sediment routing around pools is a key mechanism for pool‐riffle maintenance in sinuous upland gravel‐bed streams. The findings suggest that pools do not require a reversal in energy for them to scour out any accumulated sediments, if little or no sediments are fed into them. A combination of clast tracing using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging and bedload traps (positioned along the thalweg on the upstream riffle, pool entrance, pool exit and downstream riffle) are used to provide information on clast pathways and sediment sorting through a single pool‐riffle unit. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is also used to explore hydraulic variability and flow pathways. Clast tracing results provide a strong indication that clasts are not fed through pools, rather they are transported across point bar surfaces, or around bar edges (depending upon previous clast position, clast size, and event magnitude). Spatial variations in bedload transport were found throughout the pool‐riffle unit. The pool entrance bedload trap was often found to be empty, when the others had filled, further supporting the notion that little or no sediment was fed into the pool. The pool exit slope trap would occasionally fill with sediment, thought to be sourced from the eroding outer bank. CFD results demonstrate higher pool shear stresses (τ ≈ 140 N m^–2) in a localized zone adjacent to an eroding outer bank, compared to the upstream and downstream riffles (τ ≈ 60 N m^–2) at flows of 6 · 2 m³ s^–1 (≈ 60% of the bankfull discharge) and above. There was marginal evidence for near‐bed velocity reversal. Near‐bed streamlines, produced from velocity vectors indicate that flow paths are diverted over the bar top rather than being fed through the thalweg. Some streamlines appear to brush the outer edge of the pool for the 4 · 9 m³ s^–1 to 7 · 8 m³ s^–1 (between 50 and 80% of the bankfull discharge) simulations, however complete avoidance was found for discharges greater than this. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混凝土框架柱双向受剪性能试验研究与相关性分析

为研究钢筋混凝土框架柱的抗震性能,进行了矩形截面不等肢配箍混凝土框架柱在斜向水平荷载作用下的抗剪强度试验研究,对框架柱在斜向水平荷载作用下的受剪承载力进行有限元分析,并与试验结果进行比较,研究了两向不等肢配箍矩形截面柱在静载和低周反复荷载作用下双向受剪承载力的相关关系,推导了双向受剪承载力计算公式。研究结果表明,斜向水平荷载作用下,不等肢配箍混凝土框架柱双向受剪承载力的相关关系近似符合椭圆规律,为不等肢配箍混凝土框架柱的受剪承载力设计提供参考。     

鄱阳湖网箱养殖区沉积物有机质来源分析

通过对鱼苗时期鄱阳湖网箱养殖区沉积物、饵料及鱼粪等样品总有机碳(TOC)含量、总氮(TN)含量、碳氮比(C/N)、δ^13 C及δ^15 N的测定,分析探讨了鄱阳湖网箱养殖区沉积物有机质来源,量化了网箱养殖废物对养殖区沉积物有机质的贡献.结果表明,网箱养殖区沉积物的δ^13 C和δ^15 N值分别为-27.67‰~-25.65‰和5.19‰~7.27‰,饵料的δ^13 C和δ^15 N值分别为-24.73‰和10.28‰,鱼粪的δ^13 C和δ^15 N值分别为-26.30‰和15.54‰.网箱养殖区沉积物有机质来源主要有残饵、浮游生物及其他来源,其贡献率分别为48.3%±11.4%、25.6%±11.3%及26.0%±5.8%,而鱼粪的贡献几乎可以忽略不计.在水动力平流引起的扩散及沉积物的再悬浮的影响下,网箱养殖源有机质的扩散距离达1500 m.在鱼苗时期,鱼类网箱养殖的残饵是鄱阳湖网箱养殖区沉积物有机质的主要来源.     

地震作用下纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能分析

为了解地震作用下纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能,采用钢筋、混凝土、纤维编织网浇筑纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱,编织网主材为碳、玻璃纤维束;利用电液伺服加载系统为试件加载地震作用,监测相关数据,部分试件置入氯化钠溶液进行多次干湿循环。不同环境下的实验结果显示:纤维编织网层数越多,纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱承载能力越强,抗震性能越好;配箍间距较大时,纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能仅在地震作用的后期呈现较差状态;干湿循环次数越多,纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱承载力越弱,抗震性能越差。对于氯盐环境而言,可增加纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱的抗腐蚀措施改善抗震性能。适当增加纤维编织网的数量、降低配箍间距有利于提升纤维编织网增强钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能。     

基于不同地面特性的混凝土框架结构的抗震性能评估

基于3层普通抗震混凝土框架结构,采用能力谱法评估了矩形框架结构的抗震性能,从实验结果中获取能力曲线,并利用在地面特性条件下的各站记录的地震地面运动建立需求曲线。评估结果表明,3层混凝土框架可以抵抗地面条件为1和2的所有地震带A,B,C,D和E的地震荷载;对于地面条件3,混凝土框架在地震带A,B,C和D中的实验结果令人满意;对于地面条件4,混凝土框架只对地震带A和B有效。