Flocculation and phytoplankton cell size can alter Th-based estimates of the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in the sea

The deficit of ²³⁴Th relative to its radioactive parent ²³⁸U in the surface ocean can yield reliable estimates of vertical Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) fluxes to deeper waters, but only when coupled with an accurate ratio of POC concentration to activity of ²³⁴Th on sinking matter. Assuming a simple partitioning of suspended phytoplankton mass between single cells and flocs, we calculate the ratio of the POC flux estimated from ²³⁴Th deficit to the actual POC flux (p ratio, Smith, J.N., Moran, S.B., Speicher, E.A., in press. The p-ratio: a new diagnostic for evaluating the accuracy of upper ocean particulate organic carbon export fluxes estimated from ²³⁴Th/²³⁸U disequilibrium. Deep-Sea Research I.). The p ratios are calculated under the assumption that particle surface area is correlated with ²³⁴Th activity and particle volume is correlated with POC concentration. The value of the p ratio depends on the relative contributions of single cells and flocs to the vertical flux. When large single cells make up a significant fraction of the vertical flux, p ratios are less than one, meaning POC fluxes estimated from ²³⁴Th deficits underestimate actual POC fluxes. When large single cells are abundant but do not sink fast enough to contribute to vertical POC flux, p ratios are greater than one (up to 3 × overestimate). Factor analysis of the model indicates that altering the extent of flocculation in suspension and changing the density and maximum size of phytoplankton cells have the greatest effects on the p ratio. Failure to measure the properties of flocs when characterizing the ratio of POC to thorium on sinking matter potentially leads to large overestimation of the POC flux (over 20 ×). Failure to characterize the POC to thorium ratio of large particles, by, for example, destruction of phytoplankton cells in pumps, can lead to underestimation of POC flux. Estimates of POC flux should be most reliable in highly flocculated suspensions populated by small cells and rapidly sinking flocs. These conditions are often associated with intense phytoplankton blooms.     

Near-bed mass flux profiles in aeolian sand transport: high-resolution measurements in a wind tunnel

Vertical profiles of the streamwise mass flux of blown sand in the near-bed (< 17 mm) region are analysed from high-resolution measurements made using an optical sensor in a wind tunnel. This analysis is complemented by detailed measurements of mass flux and mean velocity profiles throughout the boundary layer depth (0·17 m) using passive, chambered sand traps of small dimensions and armoured thermal anemometers, respectively. The data permit a preliminary analysis of the relations between the observed forms of the profiles of near-bed fluid stress and horizontal mass flux within a carefully conditioned boundary layer. Profiles of mass flux density are found to be characterized by three regions of differing gradient with transitions at about 2 mm and 19 mm above the bed. The exponential decay of mass flux with height is confirmed for elevations above 19 mm, and when plotted as a function of u_*²/g (a parameter of mean vertical trajectory height in saltation), the gradient of mass flux in this region scales with the wake-corrected friction velocity (u), where u > 0·30 m s⁻¹. A separate near-bed region of more intense transport below 19 mm is identified which carries 80 per cent of the total mass flux. This region is evident in some previous field and wind tunnel data but not in profiles simulated by numerical models. Ventilated passive sand traps underestimate mass flux in this region by 37 per cent. At slow or moderate wind speeds a third significant region below 2 mm is observed. These regions are likely to be related to grain populations in successive saltation, low-energy ejections and intermittent bed contact, respectively. Optical measurements reveal locally high grain concentrations at some elevations below 5 mm; these heights scale with transport rate, mass flux gradient and wind speed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太阳风中磁场与等离子体流耦合的探讨

本文在忽略太阳风中磁场对粒子流温度影响的情况下,利用了两个研究太阳风的二元流体模型的结果,计算分析并讨论了在1AU内太阳赤道面附近,考虑磁场与等离子体流耦合后,各太阳风参数的变化情况。结果表明,太阳风中磁场对等离子休流的作用在方位角向较显著;磁场使太阳风方位角速度在1AU处的值可达到1.85km/s;低速太阳风的角动量主要由其中的磁场携带,磁场能逐步将其角动量传输给等离子体流。     

长波区间太阳辐射对气候模拟的影响

长波区间的太阳辐射在气候模式中往往被忽略。利用国家气候中心BCC_AGCM2.0.1大气环流模式,采用矩阵算子辐射传输算法,研究了长波区间太阳辐射对气候模式辐射通量和温度模拟结果的影响。结果表明,以ISCCP和CERES辐射资料为标准,考虑长波区间太阳辐射后,长波区间晴空大气地表向下辐射通量平均误差减小2.05 W/m2,均方根误差减少1.29 W/m2;长波区间晴空大气模式顶向上辐射通量平均误差减小0.70 W/m2,均方根误差减小0.21 W/m2;长波区间有云大气地表向下辐射通量平均误差减小1.38 W/m2,均方根误差减小1.03 W/m2;长波区间有云大气模式顶向上辐射通量平均误差减小0.99 W/m2,均方根误差减小0.30 W/m2。以ECMWF再分析资料为标准,考虑长波区间太阳辐射后,赤道地区上对流层—下平流层区域温度的冷偏差得到改善,对流层顶温度平均误差减小0.27 K,均方根误差减小0.25 K。     

台风凤凰形成发展过程中对流凝结潜热和感热的作用

应用NCEP再分析资料,计算分析了台风凤凰发生和发展过程中的积云对流潜热加热和海面感热通量.表明:感热释放通过海气相关作用使海面风及对流层涡度增强,可能是台风初始低压的形成机制;积云对流潜热释放不但使台风中心增暖并使台风中间层上升运动增强,从而促使台风加强和发展,因此,对流凝结潜热是台风凤凰维持和发展的主要热力和动力因子.     

New insights into the spatial variability of the surface water carbon dioxide in varying sea ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean

In the summer of 2005, continuous surface water measurements of fugacity of CO₂ (fCO₂^sw), salinity and temperature were performed onboard the IB Oden along the Northwest Passage from Cape Farwell (South Greenland) to the Chukchi Sea. The aim was to investigate the importance of sea ice and river runoff on the spatial variability of fCO₂ and the sea–air CO₂ fluxes in the Arctic Ocean. Additional data was obtained from measurements of total alkalinity (A_T) by discrete surface water and water column sampling in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), on the Mackenzie shelf, and in the Bering Strait. The linear relationship between A_T and salinity was used to evaluate and calculate the relative fractions of sea ice melt water and river runoff along the cruise track. High-frequency fCO₂^sw data showed rapid changes, due to variable sea ice conditions, freshwater addition, physical upwelling and biological processes. The fCO₂^sw varied between 102 and 678 μatm. Under the sea ice in the CAA and the northern Chukchi Sea, fCO₂^sw were largely CO₂ undersaturated of approximately 100 μatm lower than the atmospheric level. This suggested CO₂ uptake by biological production and limited sea–air CO₂ gas exchange due to the ice cover. In open areas, such as the relatively fresh water of the Mackenzie shelf and the Bering Strait, the fCO₂^sw values were close to the atmospheric CO₂ level. Upwelling of saline and relatively warm water at the Cape Bathurst caused a dramatic fCO₂^sw increase of about 100 μatm relative to the values in the CAA. At the southern part of the Chukchi Peninsula we found the highest fCO₂^sw values and the water was CO₂ supersaturated, likely due to upwelling. In the study area, the calculated sea–air CO₂ flux varied between an oceanic CO₂ sink of 140 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ and an oceanic source of 18 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹. However, in the CAA and the northern Chukchi Sea, the sea ice cover prevented gas exchange, and the CO₂ fluxes were probably negligible at this time of the year. Assuming that the water was exposed to the atmosphere by total melting and gas exchange would be the only process, the CO₂ undersaturated water in the ice-covered areas will not have the time to reach the atmospheric CO₂ value, before the formation of new sea ice. This study highlights the value of using high-frequency measurements to gain increased insight into the variable and complex conditions, encountered on the shelves in the Arctic Ocean.     

空气动力学方法在湍流通量计算中的误差分析

采用迭代方法检验了在近地面层大气中使用空气动力学方法时，温度、湿度和风速梯度等观测误差对感热和潜热通量计算的相对误差，结果表明，在微风和低温环境中，空气动力学方法的使用受到限制。     

渤海海冰数值模式中计算参数的确定

在渤海海冰数值模拟和预报中,针对该海域的气象和水文特点,对模式中的计算参数进行了确定是必要的。本文通过对辽东湾ＪＺ２０－２海域的气象、水文和海冰要素的定点观测,对同太阳辐射、海洋热通量以及拖曳系数等参数进行了计算,对其特点以及对海冰生消和运移的影响进行了分析和讨论。这对提高渤海海冰数值模拟和预报的精度有很大促进,也是建立和发展局地工程海冰数值模式的重要内容。     

“引江济太”对2016年后太湖总磷反弹的直接影响分析

针对"引江济太"工程将总磷浓度偏高的长江水引入太湖后对2016年后太湖总磷反弹的影响,本文实测并收集整理了2016年前后"引江济太"调水入湖水量、磷通量及全太湖入湖水量、磷通量与太湖磷存量等数据,对2016年前后"引江济太"调水入湖水量、磷通量、磷形态与其他入湖河道水量、磷通量、磷形态以及全太湖的水质、受水区贡湖的水质进行了分析.结果表明:2016年前后,"引江济太"年均入湖磷通量为97.56 t,年均入湖水量为8.16亿m³,从调水量、入湖磷通量、调水后短期磷响应及各湖区磷增量来看,"引江济太"与2016年后太湖总磷反弹相关性不强."引江济太"调水累计入湖磷通量为877.97 t,占太湖总入湖磷通量的4.58%,累计入湖水量占太湖累计入湖水量的7.36%,单位水量携带的磷通量仅为其他来水的一半左右,占比相对有限.与太湖主要入湖河流相比,"引江济太"调水属于优质来水,湖泊的入湖河流总磷浓度一般都高于湖泊本身的总磷浓度,"引江济太"调水总磷浓度偏高属于正常范围.目前"引江济太"工程在保证供水安全、缓解水华危机的同时对处于严重富营养化状态的太湖具有一定的改善效果,但未...     

北京地区一次强沙尘暴过程的大气边界层结构和湍流通量输送特征

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的风速和温度平均场观测资料和湍流资料,以及北京市气象台地面常规气象资料和逐日08:00和20:00(北京时间)的探空资料,分析了2002年3月18～22日沙尘暴过境前后北京城市边界层结构特征和湍流输送特征,结果表明:1)在沙尘暴爆发前,边界层中水平风速一直较小;气温较高,大气层结稳定,在边界层上部有强大的逆温层.随着冷锋过境,沙尘暴爆发,边界层中水平风速和平均湍流速度急剧增强;温度也突然变化,先迅速增强后又持续下降,逆温层迅速被破坏.2)沙尘暴初期,280 m上为系统性上升气流,而47和120 m则为系统性的下沉气流.随着沙尘暴爆发,湍流动能、向下传输的动量以及向上传输的感热也迅速增大,并且120 m高度的湍能、动量通量以及感热通量明显高于47和280 m,这与北京的局地环流有关.3)本次沙尘暴过程中,120和47 m层的摩擦速度都明显超过了北京的临界摩擦速度,表明局地起沙也是本次沙尘暴过程中北京沙尘的一个重要沙源.