重庆市开-利公路学堂湾滑坡成因与稳定性分析

滑坡是现代公路、铁路等交通基建工程面临的一个难题。尤其是在重丘、山地等地段修筑公路工程极易出现滑坡地质灾害。这些滑坡的成因以及相关的边坡稳定性分析目前处于半理论、半经验状态。文章基于学堂湾滑坡的地理位置及地质环境条件,从滑坡区地质环境条件、滑坡周界、滑坡体与滑带的物质结构特征、滑床、滑坡变形破坏迹象等,深入分析了学堂湾滑坡的变形特征。在此基础上探讨了滑坡成因,指出大量的雨水和不合理的施工扰动是滑坡发育的外因;坡体本身的地质条件如岩石的裂隙、岩土体的透水性以及水的疏导条件等是其内因。文章将宏观定性分析与定量计算相结合,对滑坡稳定性进行了分析和评价。结合工程实际对滑坡治理措施进行了初步研究,取得了一些满意的效果。     

The changing relationship between state and church/religion in the Netherlands

The Netherlands is part of the historic Northwest-Southeast multi-confessional culture belt according to the comparative framework of church-state relations in Europe as recently developed by Madeley on the basis of Rokkan’s conceptual map. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of the church-state relations in the Netherlands within this historic framework of state-formation and nation-building, and to interpret recent challenges of its historic state-church model, such as secularisation, the rise of immigrant religions, and general ‘de- and re-territorialisation’ tendencies. The Netherlands developed from a relatively very tolerant polity dominated by the Calvinist Church to a ‘pillarised’ society, in which the Rome-Reformation divide (which also had a strong geographical dimension) was institutionalised in the political system. After the 1960s, very strong secularisation put this ‘pillarised’ system under severe pressure, but the remnants of this system offered a favourable opportunity structure for religious newcomers (Muslims in particular), who could establish their mosques and Muslim schools relatively easily. However, while the main Protestant churches, and even Catholic and Protestant political parties have merged, failing integration of these newcomers in Dutch society and terrorist attacks at the global level as well as in the Netherlands encouraged a new divide between Muslims and non-Muslims. The metropolitan areas in particular became the scene of this new divide.     

叶尔羌河冰川阻塞性洪水发生的气象因素

2002年8月12日，叶尔羌河再次发生因高原冰川阻塞形成的洪水。本文对叶尔羌河历次高原冰川阻塞性洪水的成因以及与气象的关系做了较详尽的分析，并提出了从气象角度预报该类型洪水的方法和利用卫星遥感技术对冰川阻塞湖进行监测的建议，期望对叶尔羌河今后的防洪工作有一些指导意义。     

佳木斯地区冬、春季大-暴雪成因分析

冬、春季的天气影响系统既有共同点，又有不同之处。通过近20a大-暴雪个例的物理成因及卫星云图等特征的分析，总结出有预报意义的指标。     

胶莱盆地含金建造地球化学特征

胶莱盆地蓬家夼金矿床及宋家沟金矿床均赋存于下白垩统莱阳群一段含金建造中,该含金建造由砾岩、含砾砂岩、碳质泥岩及碳酸盐岩等组成,Au100.2～241.0ng/g,Ag1.50～3.73μg/g,Zn560～1021μg/g,Pb356～364μg/g,Cu60～394μg/g,As11.0～25.4μg/g,同时富硫及有机碳。含金建造K-Rb、K-Ba呈正相关,K-Sr、K-Ca不相关,Sr/Ba<1,B、V关系均显示了陆相淡水沉积特征。La/Y-REE组成显示了沉积特征。围岩、矿石及矿石中黄铁矿及磁铁矿的稀土元素分布模式相似,该含金建造是矿源层也是容矿层,是区内重要的成矿地质条件及找矿标志。     

安徽凤阳和张八岭地区含金石英脉的40Ar/39Ar年龄及其地质意义

用快中子活化法测定了安徽凤阳和张八岭地区朱顶、毛山和上成3个金矿床第一阶段晚期和第二阶段的含金石英脉,石英的阶段加热40Ar/39Ar坪年龄值域为(116.1±0.6～118.3±0.5)Ma,分别与其最小视年龄和等时线年龄接近.坪年龄、最小视年龄和等时线年龄3种年龄值域为(113.4±0.4～118.3±0.5)Ma,可以作为石英的形成年龄域. 根据含金石英脉和围岩的空间关系,该年龄值域作为石英脉金矿的形成年龄是合理可靠的.金矿床形成于早白垩世阿普特期,与此时郯庐断裂带略带右行走滑正断层活动一致.     

含油玄武岩中绿泥石的形成温度

以苏北盆地高邮凹陷闵桥地区含油玄武岩中的绿泥石为研究对象，探讨了其成因和形成温度，认为玄武岩中绿泥石有两种形成方式、五条形成途径：其一为蚀变演化，包括：火山玻璃、斜长石、辉石的蚀变，交代橄榄石斑晶，以及皂石的进一步演化；其二为沉淀结晶，包括从热液中直接沉淀生长和胶体溶液充填后的结晶。计算结果显示，蚀变演化形成的绿泥石，其形成温度为128－271℃；沉淀结晶形成的绿泥石，其形成温度为31－63℃。玄武岩中绿泥石形成温度与埋藏深度间没有明显的线性相关。进一步研究表明，本区玄武岩作为储油层，其进油时的温度为62－118℃，不超出48－137℃。     

华北板内深部构造

华北板块的形成经历了早前寒武纪、燕山期及喜马拉雅期3个主要构造发展期，由于华北板块自身运动及所受应力场的作用，加之上地幔岩石圈的不均一性等因素，在中、新生代形成许多特殊的板内构造块。综合应用地质、地球物理和地球化学的成果，对华北板内深部结构进行了研究。从深部构造角度划分出6个金及金金属成矿带、4个金刚石成矿带，并对华北地区的地震及地热资源与新生事大陆裂谷的关系进行了探讨。     

Fracturation d'âge Aptien supérieur sur la bordure orientale de la plate-forme arabique (Haushi-Huqf,Oman)Aptian faulting (Shu'aiba Formation) on the eastern edge of the Arabian Platform (Haushi-Huqf,Oman)

In the Haushi-Huqf (Eastern Central Oman) as in other parts of the Arabian platform, a major sedimentary break is recorded between the Early Aptian carbonates (Shu'aiba Formation) and the Albian orbitolinid-rich marls (Nahr Umr Formation). The unconformity corresponds to a succession of events: (1) a brusque interruption of the regressive sequence of the Shu'aiba limestone (algae and small rudistid build-ups); (2) a stratigraphic gap related to the Late Aptian; (3) the development of a thick ferruginous crust (hardground) that covered the top surface of the Shu'aiba; the hardground is related to a forced flooding surface; (4) the Shu'aiba was rapidly drowned and buried under the Nahr Umr marls. Moreover, the Shu'aiba limestone was subject to faulting NW–SE-trending normal faults before lithification and formation of the ferruginous crust. The faulting episode is clearly dated: post-Early Aptian and pre-Albian. The signification of the faulting remains hypothetical. The syndiagenetic NW–SE normal faults may correspond to ‘en echelon’ faults, combined with transcurrent fault movements (for example the Haushi-Nafun Fault). The possible causes of these intra-platform transcurrent movements are discussed. To cite this article: C. Montenat, P. Barrier, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 781–787.     

Straight river: its formation and speciality

Straight river is generally regarded as one of the typical river patterns in conventional classifications in terms of their channel plain landforms. However, very few straight patterns were found to be distributed in wider spatial and temporal spans in the self-adjusted fluvial rivers. Thus, the questions occur such as that is it possible for a channel takes on a stable straight pattern? What are the main factors controlling the processes of the river pattern formation and transformation from a straight to other patterns? Various theories and hypotheses including geomorphic threshold hypothesis, the extreme hypothesis on energy dissipation rate, the stability theory, etc. have been developed to explain the aforementioned questions, but none of them is sound for the explanation to the straight-river formation. From the modern fluvial plain patterns, the straight patterns are not as stable as other typical patterns which occurred in nature; from the historic records of the river sedimentation, no apparent evidence was found to support the stable straight river evolution. Based on the analysis of existing theories, observations, evolvement processes of the channel patterns in the experimental results, this paper concluded that the straight pattern should not be included as one of the typical patterns that are self-formed and developed. This study is of importance to understanding of the river pattern formation and transformation.