新疆北部晚古生代埃达克岩、富铌玄武岩组合：古亚洲洋板块南向俯冲的证据

地球化学研究结果表明，新疆北部富蕴县境内的晚古生代下泥盆统托让格库都克组的安山质岩石具有与埃达克岩非常相似的地球化学特征，它们具有较高的Al2O3，Na2O和Sr含量以及Sr/Y比值；明显亏损重稀土和Y，它们的MORB标准化微量元素蛛网图表现为明显的Nb，Ta负异常和Sr正异常，同时强烈亏损高场强元素。与埃达克岩共生的玄武岩的地球化学特征则与富铌玄武岩一致，表现为Si过饱和及富Na的特征，同时具有较高的Nb，TiO2和P2O5含量，并富集高场强元素。由于埃达克岩和富铌玄武岩的形成均与板块俯冲有关，因此，它们的存在表明，古亚洲洋在早-中泥盆世向南(哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块)发生了一次洋壳俯冲作用。     

中国东部橄榄岩包体和榴辉岩中CO_2流体包裹体的碳同位素组成

应用阶段加热技术 ,对中国东部新生代玄武岩中的橄榄岩包体和大别造山带超高压榴辉岩进行了包裹体 CO2 的碳同位素组成测定。结果表明 ,橄榄岩的δ1 3C值变化较大 ,从 - 2 2 .8‰到 0 .7‰ ,明显不同于前人报道的低δ1 3C值 (- 2 8‰～- 2 0‰ )特征 ,指示中国东部地幔流体中 CO2 的碳同位素组成是不均一的 ,反映了地壳有机碳与原生地幔碳的混合特征。大别造山带榴辉岩的 δ1 3C变化从 - 18.5‰到 4 .6‰ ,同样明显不同于前人报道的低 δ1 3C值 (- 30‰～ - 2 0‰ )特征。榴辉岩的低δ1 3C值指示了板块俯冲前其玄武岩原岩受到地表含有机碳流体蚀变后的碳同位素特点 ,而较高的δ1 3C值反映了板块折返过程中榴辉岩受淋滤大理岩的富 CO2 流体叠加的退变质效应。橄榄岩包体和超高压榴辉岩的轻碳同位素共同特点反映了板块俯冲引起的壳—幔物质相互作用和碳同位素地球化学再循环 ,指示中国东部岩石圈地幔含有丰富的地壳有机碳组分     

大洋岛弧的前世今生

根据板块构造理论,板块的边界是地质作用最为强烈的地区,因而它们是当今固体地球科学研究的重点。依据应力性质的不同,地球上板块的边界类型有扩张的洋中脊、汇聚的俯冲带和调节板块运动差异的转换断层三种。就汇聚型板块边界而言,它又可进一步划分为洋-洋俯冲的大洋或洋内岛弧带(Intra-oceanic arc)、洋-陆俯冲的安第斯型活动大陆边缘带和陆-陆接触的大陆碰撞带三种。相对而言,大洋岛弧的研究程度最低。传统认为最典型的大洋岛弧——日本诸岛,已不再被认为是洋-洋俯冲的产物,因为已有研究显示它是从亚洲大陆裂解的碎块。根据目前的调查,现今的大洋岛弧主要集中在西太平洋地区,以太平洋与菲律宾板块间的Izu-Bonin-Mariana弧和太平洋-澳大利亚间的西南太平洋岛弧为代表。大洋岛弧研究的最重要问题是,洋洋之间如何产生了俯冲。目前多倾向于认为:大洋中的转换断层可使不同时代的大洋岩石圈相互接触,在这种情况下,较老的岩石圈由于冷却时间较长而密度相对较大,因而可下沉而俯冲到较年轻的岩石圈之下。这一模型也被誉为蛇绿岩形成的初始俯冲定律(Subduction Initial Rule,简称SIR)。但存在的问题是,目前全球还没发现有转换断层转变为俯冲带的实例。更何况,全球大洋中发育如此众多的转换断层,但为何只在西太平洋发育大洋岛弧?本文通过对资料的总结还发现,这些大洋岛弧基本都是从亚洲或者澳大利亚大陆东部边缘裂解的碎块,只是后期的弧后扩张作用使裂解的碎块发生强烈的改造,形成具有类似大洋岩石圈的特点。目前提出的洋-洋自发形成俯冲带的模型并没有理论基础,也没有实际地质事实的支持。但在加勒比海、斯科舍海和阿留申地区,大洋岛弧的出现与洋底高原诱发的俯冲带跃迁或俯冲极性反转有关。因此,板块构造理论中的洋洋初始俯冲模式需要进一步资料的验证。     

西南三江地区造山演化过程及成矿时空分布

三江地区单凭“一次造山”是难以圆满解释的。本文试以“多次造山”多期成矿”的思路作出合理说明。晚古生代－中生代早期多岛海造山阶段,羌塘弧、江达弧和临沧弧应为前锋弧,其后由一系列弧后盆地和岛弧或残余弧（或微大陆）组成。中生代中－晚期为陆内俯冲造山阶段,推测金沙江带、哀牢山带和龙门山－锦屏山带为俯冲主边界,从而形成本区燕山期重熔型花岗岩带,控制相应矿产的分布特征。新生代陆内转换造山阶段,造成特征的构造－岩浆－成矿带,具有生成大型或超大型矿床的潜力。     

1976-2008年黄河三角洲湿地变化的遥感监测

基于景观生态学原理,借助遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)等技术手段,对1976、1986、2000和2008年的遥感数据进行了处理和分析;探讨了1976年以来现代黄河三角洲湿地的变化特征.结果表明:自1976年以来,现代黄河三角洲湿地总面积呈下降趋势,1976-2008年湿地总面积减少了8.5%,其中自然湿地面积呈...     

Relative pollen productivities of typical steppe species in northern China and their potential in past vegetation reconstruction

The Relative Pollen Productivities(RPPs)of common steppe species are estimated using Extended R-value(ERV)model based on pollen analysis and vegetation survey of 30 surface soil samples from typical steppe area of northern China.Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Cyperaceae,and Asteraceae are the dominant pollen types in pollen assemblages,reflecting the typical steppe communities well.The five dominant pollen types and six common types(Thalictrum,Iridaceae,Potentilla,Ephedra,Brassicaceae,and Ulmus)have strong wind transport abilities;the estimated Relevant Source Area of Pollen(RSAP)is ca.1000 m when the sediment basin radius is set at 0.5 m.Ulmus,Artemisia,Brassicaceae,Chenopodiaceae,and Thalictrum have relative high RPPs;Poaceae,Cyperaceae,Potentilla,and Ephedra pollen have moderate RPPs;Asteraceae and Iridaceae have low RPPs.The reliability test of RPPs revealed that most of the RPPs are reliable in past vegetation reconstruction.However,the RPPs of Asteraceae and Iridaceae are obviously underestimated,and those of Poaceae,Chenopodiaceae,and Ephedra are either slightly underestimated or slightly overestimated,suggesting that those RPPs should be considered with caution.These RPPs were applied to estimating plant abundances for two fossil pollen spectra(from the Lake Bayanchagan and Lake Haoluku)covering the Holocene in typical steppe area,using the"Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites"(REVEALS)model.The RPPs-based vegetation reconstruction revealed that meadow-steppe dominated by Poaceae,Cyperaceae,and Artemisia plants flourished in this area before 6500–5600 cal yr BP,and then was replaced by present typical steppe.     

地学家袁复礼先生与第四纪地质学——纪念袁复礼先生逝世20周年

袁复礼(1893.12.31～1987.5.22),字希渊,河北徐水县人.著名地质学家、教授、教育家.1913年考入清华学校高等科,1915年获庚子赔款奖学金赴美深造.1920年获硕士学位,1921年回国进入地质调查所工作,从此献身地质事业.他是中国地质学会的创立会员,曾任清华大学教授、地学系主任,北京大学、西南联合大学、北京地质学院、中国地质大学教授.从教60余年,培养了几代地质人才,对中国的地质教育事业做出了重要贡献.他1924年开设了《地文学》课程,1953年开始编写了我国第一本《中国第四纪地质学》教材,他的文章涉及到第四纪地质、地貌、新构造运动等各个方面,是我国当代地貌学和第四纪地质学的奠基人.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the Erguna massif basement,NE China – subduction history of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust

We present new geochronological and geochemical data for granites and volcanic rocks of the Erguna massif, NE China. These data are integrated with previous findings to better constrain the nature of the massif basement and to provide new insights into the subduction history of Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust and its closure. U–Pb dating of zircons from 12 granites previously mapped as Palaeoproterozoic and from three granites reported as Neoproterozoic yield exclusively Phanerozoic ages. These new ages, together with recently reported isotopic dates for the metamorphic and igneous basement rocks, as well as Nd–Hf crustal-residence ages, suggest that it is unlikely that pre-Mesoproterozoic basement exists in the Erguna massif. The geochronological and geochemical results are consistent with a three-stage subduction history of Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust beneath the Erguna massif, as follows. (1) The Erguna massif records a transition from Late Devonian A-type magmatism to Carboniferous adakitic magmatism. This indicates that southward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust along the northern margin of the Erguna massif began in the Carboniferous. (2) Late Permian–Middle Triassic granitoids in the Erguna massif are distributed along the Mongol–Okhotsk suture zone and coeval magmatic rocks in the Xing’an terrane are scarce, suggesting that they are unlikely to have formed in association with the collision between the North China Craton and the Jiamusi–Mongolia block along the Solonker–Xra Moron–Changchun–Yanji suture zone. Instead, the apparent subduction-related signature of the granites and their proximity to the Mongol–Okhotsk suture zone suggest that they are related to southward subduction of Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic crust. (3) A conspicuous lack of magmatic activity during the Middle Jurassic marks an abrupt shift in magmatic style from Late Triassic–Early Jurassic normal and adakite-like calc-alkaline magmatism (pre-quiescent episode) to Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous A-type felsic magmatism (post-quiescent episode). Evidently a significant change in geodynamic processes took place during the Middle Jurassic. Late Triassic–Early Jurassic subduction-related signatures and adakitic affinities confirm the existence of subduction during this time. Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous post-collision magmatism constrains the timing of the final closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean involving collision between the Jiamusi–Mongolia block and the Siberian Craton to the Middle Jurassic.     

苏鲁造山带超高压变质作用及其P-T-t轨迹

基于超高压变质岩的岩石学,特别是超高压矿物生长成分环带、扩散环带和蚀变作用研究,综合前人的岩石学和年代学研究成果,提出苏鲁造山带超高压变质作用峰期发生在1000-1100℃和6-7GPa条件下,俯冲深度相当于200km,形成年代为240-250Ma。在此基础上,重塑了一个包括八期变质作用的P-T-t轨迹,揭示出超高压变质岩经历了三个不同的折返阶段,即从200km到100km深度的快速折返阶段,抬升速率为5km/Ma,冷却速率为10℃/Ma;从100km到30km的快速折返,抬升速率为4km/Ma,或为近等温降压,或为缓慢降温的快速降压过程;从下地壳到近地表的缓慢折返阶段,抬升速率为1km/Ma,但为快速降温过程,冷却速率可达20℃/Ma。     

印度大陆板片前缘撕裂与分段俯冲：来自冈底斯新生代火山-岩浆作用证据

青藏高原碰撞造山带不仅呈现南北不均一性,而且显示东西分段性。以横贯高原腹地的NNE向负磁异常带为界,将冈底斯分为三段。在宽约300km的负磁异常带为代表的中段,近SN向的裂谷和正断层系统、重要地震和现代热水活动、古新世林子宗火山岩系和中新世超钾质火山岩系、以及日喀则弧前盆地集中发育,伴有斑岩型Cu-Mo和成因独特的Au-Cu矿化;在85°E以西的西段,主要发育强烈逆冲推覆系、同碰撞期花岗岩和中新世钾质-超钾质火山岩系,伴有造山型Au矿化;而在90°E以东的东段,主要发育走滑断裂系、同碰撞期花岗岩和中新世埃达克质斑岩,伴有斑岩型Cu-Mo矿化。古新世林子宗火山岩的精细定年和地球化学特征揭示,印度大陆板片向北的俯冲-汇聚至少在50Ma前没有表现出明显的时间差异性。然而,中新世钾质-超钾质岩和大规模花岗岩基的时空分布和地球化学特征反映,印度大陆板片前缘可能发生撕裂,并发生分段式差异俯冲,西段(85°E以西)俯冲规模大,距离远,东段(90°E以东)俯冲规模小,可能未跨过雅江缝合带。沿着负磁异常带两侧的边界裂谷带,高SiO_2煌斑岩和念青唐古拉花岗岩基及相伴钾质火山岩的发育,揭示来源于软流圈地幔的岩浆和高热流穿过板片撕裂带并沿耦合上覆的裂谷带上涌,前者侵位和喷发,后者诱发地壳熔融。90°E与85°E之间的俯冲板片可能由于撕裂、断离和破碎,因而导致斜跨高原腹地的大面积通道式负磁异常带。