Partial Melting and Counterclockwise P T Path of Subducted Oceanic Crust (Sierra del Convento Melange, Cuba)

Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust has been identifiedin the Sierra del Convento mélange (Cuba). This serpentinite-matrixmélange contains blocks of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-derivedplagioclase-lacking epidote ± garnet amphibolite intimatelyassociated with peraluminous trondhjemitic–tonalitic rocks.Field relations, major element bulk-rock compositions, mineralassemblages, peak metamorphic conditions (c. 750°C, 14–16kbar), experimental evidence, and theoretical phase relationssupport formation of the trondhjemitic–tonalitic rocksby wet melting of subducted amphibolites. Phase relations andmass-balance calculations indicate eutectic- and peritectic-likemelting reactions characterized by large stoichiometric coefficientsof reactant plagioclase and suggest that this phase was completelyconsumed upon melting. The magmatic assemblages of the trondhjemitic–tonaliticmelts, consisting of plagioclase, quartz, epidote, ±paragonite, ± pargasite, and ± kyanite, crystallizedat depth (14–15 kbar). The peraluminous composition ofthe melts is consistent with experimental evidence, explainsthe presence of magmatic paragonite and (relict) kyanite, andplaces important constraints on the interpretation of slab-derivedmagmatic rocks. Calculated P–T conditions indicate counterclockwiseP–T paths during exhumation, when retrograde blueschist-faciesoverprints, composed of combinations of omphacite, glaucophane,actinolite, tremolite, paragonite, lawsonite, albite, (clino)zoisite,chlorite, pumpellyite and phengite, were formed in the amphibolitesand trondhjemites. Partial melting of subducted oceanic crustin eastern Cuba is unique in the Caribbean realm and has importantconsequences for the plate-tectonic interpretation of the region,as it supports a scenario of onset of subduction of a youngoceanic lithosphere during the early Cretaceous (c. 120 Ma).The counterclockwise P–T paths were caused by ensuingexhumation during continued subduction. KEY WORDS: amphibolite; Cuba; exhumation; partial melting; trondhjemite; subduction     

含柯石英超高压榴辉岩的早期变形--以苏北东海碱场榴辉岩体为例

以超高压矿物组合的各种后成合晶及冠状体等卸载不平衡结构为参考标志，将含柯石英的超高压榴辉岩的交形序列分成两个部分。后成合晶及冠状体发育之前的变形为早期变形，是在大陆深俯冲和碰撞条件下发育的超高压变质变形组构。后成合晶及冠状体发育之后的变形为晚期变形，是在超高压岩石折返剥露过程中，主要是在角闪岩相甚至绿片岩相条件下发育的。构造上江苏省北部东海县碱场合柯石英榴辉岩体，分为块状榴辉岩和面理化榴辉岩两种类型，分别代表超高压变质岩早期变形的两个构造阶段或世代(D1、D2)。详细描述了它们的矿物组合、中小尺度及显微尺度下的组构特征，讨论了两者的几何关系和区域构造意义，强调指出，只有含柯石英榴辉岩的早期变形组构，才能记录和反映斜向大陆深俯冲及碰撞的动力学过程。     

祁连山新元古代中—晚期至早古生代火山作用与构造演化

祁连山地区的新元古代中—晚期至早古生代火山作用显示系统地时、空变化,其乃是祁连山构造演化的火山响应。随着祁连山构造演化从Rodinia超大陆裂谷化—裂解,经早古生代大洋打开、扩张、洋壳俯冲和弧后伸展,直至洋盆闭合、弧-陆碰撞和陆-陆碰撞,火山作用也逐渐从裂谷和大陆溢流玄武质喷发,经大洋中脊型、岛弧和弧后盆地火山活动,转变为碰撞后裂谷式喷发。850~604 Ma的大陆裂谷和大陆溢流熔岩主要分布于祁连和柴达木陆块。从大约550 Ma至446 Ma,在北祁连和南祁连洋-沟-弧-盆系中广泛发育大洋中脊型、岛弧和弧后盆地型熔岩。与此同时,在祁连陆块中部,发育约522~442 Ma的陆内裂谷火山作用。早古生代洋盆于奥陶纪末(约446 Ma)闭合。随后,从约445 Ma至约428 Ma,于祁连陆块北缘发育碰撞后火山活动。此种时-空变异对形成祁连山的深部地球动力学过程提供了重要约束。该过程包括:(1)地幔柱或超级地幔柱上涌,导致Rodinia超大陆发生裂谷化、裂解、早古生代大洋打开、扩张、俯冲,并伴随岛弧形成;(2)俯冲的大洋板片回转,致使弧后伸展,进而形成弧后盆地;(3)洋盆闭合、板片断离,继而发生软流圈上涌,诱发碰撞后火山活动。晚志留世至早泥盆世(420~400 Ma),先期俯冲的地壳物质折返,发生强烈的造山活动。400 Ma后,山体垮塌、岩石圈伸展,相应发生碰撞后花岗质侵入活动。     

Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones and the Evolution of the Continents

Arc magmas and the continental crust share many chemical features,but a major question remains as to whether these features arecreated by subduction or are recycled from subducting sediment.This question is explored here using Th/La, which is low inoceanic basalts (<0·2), elevated in the continents(>0·25) and varies in arc basalts and marine sediments(0·09–0·34). Volcanic arcs form linear mixingarrays between mantle and sediment in plots of Th/La vs Sm/La.The mantle end-member for different arcs varies between highlydepleted and enriched compositions. The sedimentary end-memberis typically the same as local trench sediment. Thus, arc magmasinherit their Th/La from subducting sediment and high Th/Lais not newly created during subduction (or by intraplate, adakiteor Archaean magmatism). Instead, there is a large fractionationin Th/La within the continental crust, caused by the preferentialpartitioning of La over Th in mafic and accessory minerals.These observations suggest a mechanism of ‘fractionation& foundering’, whereby continents differentiate intoa granitic upper crust and restite-cumulate lower crust, whichperiodically founders into the mantle. The bulk continentalcrust can reach its current elevated Th/La if arc crust differentiatesand loses 25–60% of its mafic residues to foundering. KEY WORDS: arc magmatism; continental crust; delamination; thorium; sediment subduction     

Deep root of a continent-continent collision belt: Evidence from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) deep borehole in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (HP-UHP) metamorphic terrane, China

The Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) deep borehole, which reached a depth of 5158 m in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, provides a new window into the deep root of a continent-continent collision belt, and the tectonic processes by which supracrustal material is recycled into the mantle by subduction and then uplifted to the surface. Major research themes of the CCSD project were to: (1) determine the three-dimensional composition, structure and geophysical character of the deep root of this orogenic belt; (2) investigate the nature and timing of the UHP metamorphism; (3) investigate the processes of crust-mantle interaction involved in the formation and exhumation of the UHP rocks; (4) study the process of fluid circulation and mineralization during subduction and exhumation; (5) study the rheological properties of the various rocks during subduction and exhumation; (6) develop and refine dynamic models for deep subduction and exhumation of crustal rocks, and (7) establish a long-term, natural laboratory for the study of present-day crustal dynamics (e.g., stress, strain, fluid activity). The CCSD has developed precise oriented profiles of the main borehole in terms of lithology, geochemistry, oxygen isotopes, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages, ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ages, deformation, rheology, mineralization, physical properties of the rocks, petrophysical logs, seismic reflections and underground fluids. The present paper summarizes the integrated research results of this project, especially the new findings concerning the deep root of a continent-continent collision.     

大洋地幔橄榄岩-铬铁矿中的金刚石和深地幔再循环

全球多地蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现微粒金刚石,并在中国西藏南部和俄罗斯乌拉尔北部的蛇绿岩铬铁矿中发现原位产出的金刚石,认为是地球上金刚石的一种新的产出类型,不同于金伯利岩型金刚石和超高压变质型金刚石。它们与呈斯石英假象的柯石英、高压相的铬铁矿和青松矿等高压矿物以及碳硅石和单质矿物等强还原矿物伴生,指示蛇绿岩中的这些矿物组合形成于深度150~300 km或者更深的地幔。金刚石具有很轻的C同位素组成（δ13C-18‰~-28‰）,并出现多种含Mn矿物和壳源成分包裹体。研究认为它们曾是早期深俯冲的地壳物质,达到>300 km深部地幔或地幔过渡带后,经历了熔融并产生新的流体,后者在上升过程中结晶成新的超高压、强还原矿物组合,通过地幔对流或地幔柱作用被带回到浅部地幔,由此建立了一个俯冲物质深地幔再循环的新模式。蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现金刚石等深部矿物,质疑了蛇绿岩铬铁矿形成于浅部地幔的已有认识,引发了一系列新的科学问题,提出了新的研究方向。      

钾稳定同位素研究综述

钾稳定同位素是重要的非传统稳定同位素体系,也是近年来迅速发展的热门研究课题。对钾同位素研究历史和现状进行综述,具体包括以下内容:(1)总结了钾元素的地球化学和宇宙化学性质,包括钾在主要地质储库(地幔、地壳、海洋)中的丰度及其分配,钾在岩浆演化中的不相容大离子亲石性,常见含钾火成岩/沉积岩矿物以及钾在表生过程中的循环,也包括主要行星物质(球粒陨石、非球粒陨石、火星和灶神星陨石以及月球样品)中钾的含量、赋存状态、主要矿物,钾在太阳星云冷凝、行星积聚以及岩浆海过程中的中等挥发性质;(2)介绍了钾同位素的研究历史,从1922年Dempster利用最早的质谱仪测量钾同位素在自然界的丰度,到Taylor和Urey在1938发表的经典的钾同位素分馏实验,再到Humayun和Clayton在1995年发表的钾同位素领域的经典研究,最后到近几年的进展;(3)介绍了对钾的前处理(离子交换柱法)以及钾同位素的主要测量方法,包括早期热电离质谱仪法(TIMS),二次离子质谱仪法(SIMS)和近十几年以来高速发展的多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法(MC-ICP-MS)及其不同的技术路线;(4)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在低温地球化学和生物地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在地表的风化过程中、海水洋壳的反向风化作用中的分馏及其在示踪全球钾元素循环和洋壳俯冲等过程中的应用;(5)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在高温地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在岩浆分异和矿物结晶过程中的分馏;(6)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在宇宙化学中的应用,包括在太阳星云冷凝、行星凝聚、月球形成大碰撞、岩浆海、火山喷发去气过程中的分馏作用。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段仁布豆荚状铬铁矿成因及构造意义

藏南雅鲁藏布江缝合带为目前国内铬铁矿储量最大的缝合带.本文报道了缝合带中段仁布蛇绿岩的豆荚状铬铁矿床,围绕矿床特征开展成因探讨,对缝合带的形成演化和成矿作用提供新制约.仁布蛇绿岩呈近东西走向带状产出,主要由近30个大小不等的地幔橄榄岩体组成.地幔橄榄岩体主要为经历不同程度蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩和少量纯橄岩.在纯橄岩和方辉...     

甘孜- 理塘洋可能存在北向俯冲：来自松潘- 甘孜道孚- 炉霍岩浆岩的证据

松潘- 甘孜造山带巨厚的三叠系复理石沉积盖层给探讨其基底性质、俯冲- 碰撞过程和深部岩浆作用增添了难度，使得带内广泛出露的花岗质岩体和少量镁铁质岩体成为解开松潘- 甘孜造山带构造演化谜团的重要研究对象。锆石U- Pb定年结果表明道孚花岗闪长岩形成于223. 5~217. 4 Ma，炉霍二长岩结晶年龄为219. 4 Ma，辉长岩为218. 9 Ma，均属于晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。化学成分研究结果表明，花岗质岩石都表现出I型花岗岩特征，其中炉霍二长岩具有较高的Ba、Sr含量，相对较高且均一的εHf(t)值（-3. 69~-1. 65），表明其可能来源于富集玄武质新生下地壳的熔融。道孚花岗闪长岩具有分散的εHf(t)值（-13. 51~0. 41），野外和地球化学特征指示其形成于幔源熔体与古老壳源熔体的混合。辉长岩在微量元素蜘蛛图上具有类似的模式，不同程度富集Ba、Sr、Pb、Th和U元素，出现Nb、Ta、Ti元素亏损，具有岛弧玄武岩的特征，来源于流/熔体交代的地幔楔部分熔融。综合区域已有资料，我们对甘孜- 理塘洋的演化历史提出新的认识，认为甘孜- 理塘洋不仅仅存在向南俯冲的可能性，同时也具有北向俯冲的历史，晚三叠世道孚- 炉霍岩浆岩的形成受控于甘孜- 理塘洋向北边松潘- 甘孜地块俯冲的背景之下。     

湖南及邻区志留纪兰多弗里世鲁丹期至埃隆期岩相古地理及加里东期板块构造演化

湖南兰多弗里世鲁丹期岩相古地理格局以桃江—白马山—苗儿山一线为界,其南东为华夏洋壳板块兰多弗里统鲁丹阶周家溪组陆屑浊积深水盆地相,陆屑来自更南东的湘中南褶皱山地;其北西为扬子陆壳板块兰多弗里统鲁丹阶龙马溪组沉积洋盆,南东后缘是上陆棚相,北西前缘是下陆棚相,陆屑都由南东湘中南褶皱山地提供。至兰多弗里世埃隆期岩相古地理发生巨变：龙马溪组顶部Coronograptus cyphus笔石带末即大约440.8±1.2 Ma时,发生华夏洋壳板块向扬子陆壳板块俯冲碰撞事件,华夏洋壳板块周家溪组本身褶皱造山为华夏褶皱山地,华夏洋壳板块洋盆关闭。同时华夏洋壳板块以A型俯冲形式下插到扬子陆壳板块之下,并使扬子陆壳板块南东前缘崛起形成加里东期雪峰造山带。后者将扬子陆壳板块南东前缘牵引、挠曲和凹陷成华夏洋壳板块弧后前陆盆地,小河坝组是该弧后前陆盆地的沉积盖层,陆屑都由南东的雪峰造山带提供。该弧后前陆盆地沉积了三角洲相—滨海相的小河坝组,向北东、北西和南西方向相变为台地相石牛栏组,再向北西陕南紫阳相变为盆地相斑鸠关组。小河坝组两次采集的重砂样均出现蓝闪石,它是蓝闪石片岩标志矿物,蓝闪石片岩是确认加里东期华夏洋壳板块与扬子陆壳板块俯冲碰撞及形成雪峰造山带的判别标志。