矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中的作用

地球早期生命起源的第一步是合成简单的有机化合物,但合成有机物所需能量来源问题长期困扰着学术界。早期地球上丰富的硫化物半导体矿物可将太阳光子转化为光电子,提供持续的能量来源。也正是由于矿物光电子能量较高,在非生物途径合成小分子有机物方面具有优势。其中半导体矿物自然硫转化太阳能产生的光电子能量,是目前所发现的最高的矿物光电子能量,不仅能直接还原CO₂分子为甲酸物质,还可催化其他生命基础物质的合成。在全球陆地系统中暴露在阳光下的岩石/土壤表面普遍被一层铁锰氧化物“矿物膜”所覆盖,光照下含半导体矿物水钠锰矿的“矿物膜”产生原位、灵敏、长效的光电流,显示出优异的光电效应。生物光合作用中心Mn₄CaO₅在裂解水产氧过程中产生成分和结构类似水钠锰矿的结构中间体,地球早期“矿物膜”中水钠锰矿可能促进了锰簇Mn₄CaO₅与生物光合作用的起源与进化。早期地球半导体矿物为生命起源基本物质的合成提供直接能量来源,矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中起到了重要作用。     

大港油田滩海区域ZH5断块厚砂体夹层研究

大港油田滩海区域ZH5断块发育单层厚砂体,目前开发效果差,急需开展夹层研究,寻找注水未波及区,挖掘剩余油.通过采用孔隙度-渗透率交会法与测井识别法有效识别,研究区夹层主要为泥质夹层和物性夹层.夹层纵向对应关系差,平面分布受沉积微相展布特征控制,主要发育于滩坝沉积的侧部.泥质夹层主要分布于断块的中南部,呈条带状分布,物性夹层呈片状不稳定分布.通过对ZH29-29井封堵水淹层,控水效果良好.     

面向城区和山区的ERA5再分析地表温度降尺度

地表温度是陆面过程动态模拟、区域和全球变化分析等研究领域的重要参数,如何获得高时空分辨率地表温度数据一直是研究热点问题。选择河北省张家口市城郊区、山区两个区域作为试验研究区,在ERA5 0.1°分辨率地表温度订正基础上,构建随机森林降尺度模型以实现多层级分辨率的地表温度降尺度,并与Landsat 8 TIRS反演地表温度进行对比分析,以探讨再分析地表温度在不同分辨率、不同下垫面类型上的降尺度效果。结果表明：不同分辨率的降尺度结果都能够准确表达地表温度相对高低的空间分布特征,纹理精度显著提高,但降尺度误差随着空间分辨率提高而逐渐增大,城郊区和山区的降尺度均方根误差变化范围分别为1.16—1.79 ℃、1.61—2.49 ℃,地表温度高值与低值区域分别存在着低估和高估现象;随机森林降尺度模型中的参数重要性随尺度变化不大,总体表现为两个区域中植被指数NDVI的重要性都比较大,而海拔高度在山区区域对降尺度模型的影响更大。     

五级分支井井眼连接总成设计及有限元分析

在不稳定地层中,分支井眼连接处易发生变形破坏,为此,设计了一个分支井眼连接总成,包括2个预制的部件,模板和连接器。它们通过一个梯形导轨啮合在一起后形成一个连续的整体机械结构,配合的间隙和公差满足连接器液力密封的要求。利用有限元数值模拟对该连接总成进行了3种地层压力下的位移和内部应力分析,结果表明其变形量非常小,内部所能达到的最大应力小于N80钢的屈服强度,表明该连接总成具有较强的抗地层挤压的能力。     

SWDC-5倾斜摄影建筑物纹理自动映射方法

针对国内关于倾斜影像的处理方法尚不成熟这一现状,该文基于机载LiDAR点云建立的房屋模型,结合SWDC-5倾斜航摄仪获取的影像和POS数据,阐述倾斜摄影建筑物房屋模型纹理自动映射的方法和流程。基于摄影测量基本原理,定义几种基本的房屋类型,结合DEM和外方位元素,采用房屋面多边形角点判断法和面积计算法选择最优像片,采用摄影中心与多边形角点连结光束与遮挡面的交点判断法来实现遮挡判断,并通过间接法纹理纠正及纹理编辑得到最优模型纹理。经实测数据验证,表明了该纹理映射方法的正确性和可行性。     

基于模糊本体的时空数据模型构建方法研究

针对时空推理及信息查询中存在的时空模糊性问题,通过模糊隶属函数对模糊本体中的模糊概念和关系进行描述,在模糊本体5W2H语义概念模型的基础上构建了FGO-5W2HST时空数据模型,研究了本体方法下的时空推理的模糊扩展,并将上述研究应用于旅游景点信息领域,从而对时空推理查询及语义信息检索过程进行模拟验证。     

Projections of the advance in the start of the growing season during the 21st century based on CMIP5 simulations

It is well-known that global warming due to anthropogenic atmospheric greenhouse effects advanced the start of the vegetation growing season(SOS) across the globe during the 20 th century. Projections of further changes in the SOS for the 21 st century under certain emissions scenarios(Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs) are useful for improving understanding of the consequences of global warming. In this study, we first evaluate a linear relationship between the SOS(defined using the normalized difference vegetation index) and the April temperature for most land areas of the Northern Hemisphere for 1982–2008. Based on this relationship and the ensemble projection of April temperature under RCPs from the latest state-of-the-art global coupled climate models, we show the possible changes in the SOS for most of the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere during the 21 st century. By around 2040–59, the SOS will have advanced by-4.7 days under RCP2.6,-8.4 days under RCP4.5, and-10.1 days under RCP8.5, relative to 1985–2004. By 2080–99, it will have advanced by-4.3 days under RCP2.6,-11.3 days under RCP4.5, and-21.6 days under RCP8.5. The geographic pattern of SOS advance is considerably dependent on that of the temperature sensitivity of the SOS. The larger the temperature sensitivity,the larger the date-shift-rate of the SOS.     

Tropical cyclone genesis potential index over the western North Pacific simulated by CMIP5 models

Tropical cyclone(TC) genesis over the western North Pacific(WNP) is analyzed using 23 CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models and reanalysis datasets. The models are evaluated according to TC genesis potential index(GPI). The spatial and temporal variations of the GPI are first calculated using three atmospheric reanalysis datasets(ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis-1, and NCEP/DOE Reanalysis-2). Spatial distributions of July–October-mean TC frequency based on the GPI from ERA-interim are more consistent with observed ones derived from IBTr ACS global TC data. So, the ERA-interim reanalysis dataset is used to examine the CMIP5 models in terms of reproducing GPI during the period 1982–2005. Although most models possess deficiencies in reproducing the spatial distribution of the GPI, their multimodel ensemble(MME) mean shows a reasonable climatological GPI pattern characterized by a high GPI zone along 20?N in the WNP. There was an upward trend of TC genesis frequency during 1982 to 1998, followed by a downward trend. Both MME results and reanalysis data can represent a robust increasing trend during 1982–1998, but the models cannot simulate the downward trend after 2000. Analysis based on future projection experiments shows that the GPI exhibits no significant change in the first half of the 21 st century, and then starts to decrease at the end of the 21 st century under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) 2.6 scenario. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the GPI shows an increasing trend in the vicinity of20?N, indicating more TCs could possibly be expected over the WNP under future global warming.     

Comparison of dryland climate change in observations and CMIP5 simulations

A comparison of observations with 20 climate model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase5(CMIP5) revealed that observed dryland expansion amounted to 2.61 × 106km2 during the 58 years from 1948 to 2005,which was four times higher than that in the simulations(0.55 × 106km2). Dryland expansion was accompanied by a decline in aridity index(AI)(drying trend) as a result of decreased precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration across all dryland subtype areas in the observations, especially in the semi-arid and dry subhumid regions. However, the CMIP5multi-model ensemble(MME) average performed poorly with regard to the decreasing trends of AI and precipitation. By analyzing the factors controlling AI, we found that the overall bias of AI in the simulations, compared with observations, was largely due to limitations in the simulation of precipitation. The simulated precipitation over global drylands was substantially overestimated compared with observations across all subtype areas, and the spatial distribution of precipitation in the MME was largely inconsistent in the African Sahel, East Asia, and eastern Australia, where the semi-arid and dry subhumid regions were mainly located.     

Parallel comparison of the northern winter stratospheric circulation in reanalysis and in CMIP5 models

A parallel comparison is made of the circulation climatology and the leading oscillation mode of the northern winter stratosphere among six reanalysis products and 24 CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models. The results reveal that the NCEP/NCAR, NECP/DOE, ERA40, ERA-Interim and JRA25 reanalyses are quite consistent in describing the climatology and annual cycle of the stratospheric circulation. The 20 CR reanalysis, however, exhibits a remarkable"cold pole" bias accompanied by a much stronger stratospheric polar jet, similar as in some CMIP5 models. Compared to the1–2 month seasonal drift in most coupled general circulation models(GCMs), the seasonal cycle of the stratospheric zonal wind in most earth system models(ESMs) agrees very well with reanalysis. Similar to the climatology, the amplitude of Polar Vortex Oscillation(PVO) events also varies among CMIP5 models. The PVO amplitude in most GCMs is relatively weaker than in reanalysis, while that in most of the ESMs is more realistic. In relation to the "cold pole" bias and the weaker oscillation in some CMIP5 GCMs, the frequency of PVO events is significantly underestimated by CMIP5 GCMs; while in most ESMs, it is comparable to that in reanalysis. The PVO events in reanalysis(except in 20CR) mainly occur from mid-winter to early spring(January–March); but in some of the CMIP5 models, a 1–2 month delay exists, especially in most of the CMIP5 GCMs. The long-term trend of the PVO time series does not correspond to long-term changes in the frequency of PVO events in most of the CMIP5 models.