中条裂谷的递进演化与王屋山地区铜矿成矿地质条件分析

对中条—王屋山地区前寒武纪沉积建造、岩浆建造、构造形态的分析后,反演出中条裂谷的递进演化过程,认为王屋山地区在中条裂谷和区域地壳的演化过程中形成了极为有利的成矿条件:①形成多层含矿建造;②通达地幔的深大断裂提供了丰富的矿源和成矿空间;③频繁的岩浆活动补充了矿质并提供了成矿热能;④剥离断层系统进一步提供了扩容空间;⑤以活化转移为主要机制的强烈变形变质作用对已形成的含矿建造(矿源层)进行改造。因此,王屋山地区具有巨大的找矿潜力。     

云南大坪大型金多金属矿床叠加成矿作用地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据

对云南元阳县大坪大型金多金属矿床矿脉地质特征、流体包裹体和稳定同位素的研究表明,矿区内大量的矿脉是叠加成矿的产物,空间上具有并置、侧列（现）、再现等复杂关系,成矿可分石英．黄铁矿（主要形成金矿化）和石英．方铅矿（主要形成铜铅银矿化,并叠加有金矿化）两个阶段共7个亚阶段。石英-黄铁矿阶段流体包裹体以个体小,数量多。杂乱分布为特征,以二相气液包裹体为主,均一温度变化区间为165℃～393℃,平均258℃;流体密度为0．648—0．7984g／cm^3,盐度变化为13,72％～18．96％NaCleqv,平均17．13％NaCleqv,捕获压力为64MPa左右。流体为含CO2的NaCl-H2O体系,在成分上相对富集Na^＋、Cl^-、CH4和N2、NO3^-等组分,从早到晚,具有Na^＋、Ca^2＋、SO4^2-略有升高,而K^＋有所降低的趋势。石英方铅矿阶段流体包裹体大小混杂,杂乱分布或呈线性排列,以CO2包裹体为主,并有二相气液和少量单相包裹体。均一温度177℃～372℃,平均284℃,流体密度为0,7413～O．9518g／cm^3,盐度变化为10．86％～21．26％NaCleqv,平均14．16％NaCleqv,捕获压力为60MPa左右。流体属为NaCl-H2O-CO2体系,在成分上以相对富集Na^＋、K^＋、SO4^2-为特征,部分脉体的流体包裹体中还含有一定量的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子。矿区不同（亚）阶段矿石氧同位组成总体变化较小（2.65‰～6.0‰）,氢同位素组成变化较大（-120％～-40‰）,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段H、O同位素组成变化均较小,以岩浆源为主,而石英．方铅矿阶段氢同位素组成变化较大,表明有新的流体加入,但也以深源流体为主;石英-方铅矿阶段一个铁白云石的δ^13C值为-4．81％o,而石英．黄铁矿阶段晚期方解石碳同位素组成变化为-2．79‰～-4.34‰,平均-3．75‰。不同矿脉黄铁矿、方铅矿的硫同位素组成变化范围为0．3‰-4.4‰,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为0.3‰～4．4‰,石英-方铅矿阶段为0.5～4.3‰,总体上与深源（地幔）碳、硫同位素组成基本一致。综合对比研究认为,大坪金多金属矿床为源于深部的多源成矿热液在同一容矿空间充填的结果,叠加成矿作用与区内长期的岩浆活动密切相关。矿床为中-高温热液硫化物．石英薄脉型金多金属矿床。     

Combined zircon and cassiterite U–Pb dating of the Piaotang granite-related tungsten–tin deposit,southern Jiangxi tungsten district,China

The large low-grade Piaotang W–Sn deposit in the southern Jiangxi tungsten district of the eastern Nanling Range, South China, is related to a hidden granite pluton of Jurassic age. The magmatic-hydrothermal system displays a zonation from an inner greisen zone to quartz veins and to peripheral veinlets/stringers (Five-floor zonation model). Most mineralization is in quartz veins with wolframite > cassiterite. The hidden granite pluton in underground exposures comprises three intrusive units, i.e. biotite granite, two-mica granite and muscovite granite. The latter unit is spatially associated with the W–Sn deposit.Combined LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of igneous zircon and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of hydrothermal cassiterite are used to constrain the timing of granitic magmatism and hydrothermal mineralization. Zircon from the three granite units has a weighted average ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 159.8 ± 0.3 Ma (2 σ, MSWD = 0.3). The cathodoluminescence (CL) textures indicate that some of the cassiterite crystals from the wolframite-cassiterite quartz vein system have growth zonations, i.e. zone I in the core and zone II in the rim. Dating on cassiterite (zone II) yields a weighted average ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 159.5 ± 1.5 Ma (2 σ, MSWD = 0.4), i.e. the magmatic and hydrothermal systems are synchronous. This confirms the classical model of granite-related tin–tungsten mineralization, and is against the view of a broader time gap of >6 Myr between granite magmatism and W–Sn mineralization which has been previously proposed for the southern Jiangxi tungsten district. The elevated trace element concentrations of Zr, U, Nb, Ta, W and Ti suggest that cassiterite (zone II) formed in a high-temperature quartz vein system related to the Piaotang granite pluton.     

Holocene lake-level fluctuations and beach-ridge development along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, USA

Geomorphology of a beach-ridge complex and adjacent lake basins along the northern shore of Lake Michigan records fluctuations in the level of Lake Michigan for the last 8000 to 10 000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. (radiocarbon years Before Present). A storm berm at 204.7–206 m (671.6–675.9 ft) exposed in a sandpit provides evidence of a pre-Chippewa Low lake level that is correlated with dropping water levels of Glacial Lake Algonquin (c. 10 300–10 100 ¹⁴C yr B.P.). Radiocarbon dates from organic material exposed in a river cutbank and basal sediments from Elbow Lake, Mackinac Co., Michigan, indicate a maximum age of a highstand of Lake Michigan at 6900 ¹⁴C yr B.P., which reached as high as 196.7 m (645 ft), during the early-Nipissing transgression of Lake Michigan. Basal radiocarbon dates from beach swales and a second lake site (Beaverhouse Lake, Mackinac Co.) provide geomorphic evidence for a subsequent highstand which reached 192.6 m (632 ft) at 5390±70 ¹⁴C yr B.P.Basal radiocarbon dates from a transect of sediment cores, along with tree-ring data, and General Land Office Surveyor notes of a shipwreck, c. A.D. 1846, reveal a late-Holocene rate for isostatic rebound of 22.6 cm/100 radiocarbon years (0.74 ft/100 radiocarbon years) for the northern shore of Lake Michigan, relative to the Lake Michigan-Lake Huron outlet at Port Huron, Michigan. Changes in sediment stratigraphy, inter-ridge distance, and sediment accumulation rates document a mid- to late-Holocene retreat of the shoreline due to isostatic rebound. This regression sequence was punctuated by brief, periodic highstands, resulting in progressive development over the past 5400 ¹⁴C yr of 75 pairs of dune ridges and swales each formed over an interval of approximately 72 years. Times of lake-level fluctuation were identified at 3900, 3200, and 1000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. based on changes in inter-ridge spacing, shifts in the course of Millecoquins River, and reorientation of beach-ridge lineation. Soil type, dune development, and selected pollen data provide supporting evidence for this chronology. Late-Holocene beach-ridge development and lake-level fluctuations are related to a retreat of the dominant Pacific airmass and the convergence of the Arctic and Tropical airmasses resulting in predominantly meridional rather than zonal air flow across the Great Lakes region.This is the 13th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

Geometry and kinematics of brittle deformation in the Central Cameroon Shear Zone (Kékem area): Implication for gold exploration within the Central Africa Fold Belt in Cameroon

The Central Africa Fold Belt (CAFB) is a collision belt endowed with gold deposits in Eastern Cameroon area mined for about 50 years. However, favorable areas for gold exploration are poorly known. This paper presents (1) the kinematics of the brittle deformation in the Kékem area in the SW portion of the Central Cameroon Shear Zone and (2) constraints gold mineralization events with respect to the collisional evolution of the CAFB. The authors interpret that the conjugate ENE to E and NNW to NW trending lineament corresponds to the synthetic (R) and the antithetic (R’) shears, which accompanied the dextral slip along the NE to ENE striking shear. The latter coincides with the last 570–552 Ma D₃ dextral simple shear-dominated transpression, which is parallel to the Bétaré Oya shear zone hosting gold deposits. Gold mineralizations, which mainly occurred during the last dextral shearing, are disseminated within quartz veins associated to Riedel’s previous structures reactivated due to late collisional activities of the CAFB as brittle deformation. Gold mineralizations occurred mainly during the 570–552 Ma D₃ event. The reactivation, which might be due to dextral simple shear during mylonitzation, plausibly remobilized the early gold deposits hosted in syn-compressional rocks and/or possibly focused deep-sourced fluid mixed with those released by dehydration. Therefore, the Central Cameroon Shear Zone where Kékem is located, and which shows similar petrographical and structural features to those controling Batouri gold district, is a target area for gold exploration in Cameroon.     

新疆喀拉昆仑山大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带地质特征及矿床成因

对喀喇昆仑山大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带地质特征及矿床成因进行研究,为该区找矿勘查工作部署提供依据。通过详细的野外地质调查,在总结大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带地质特征的基础上,配合镜下鉴定、矿床地球化学分析,探讨矿床成因类型与成矿作用,分析成矿期后的构造变形,预测矿化体的空间就位,提出找矿方向和找矿思路。大黄山稀土-铌-铁钛多金属矿化带含矿建造沉积环境为近陆滨-浅海碳酸盐岩台地相。矿化带处于石炭系帕斯群灰岩组（a组）上段（含矿泥质灰岩段）上部,区内延伸大于30km,西段发现2条矿化体（Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-1）,东段发现7条矿化体（Ⅱ-1~Ⅱ-7）。单矿化体一般长170~2000 m,厚度10~32 m,矿化体产状与地层产状一致,层控特征明显。矿石化学测试结果表明,矿化体内含Fe、Al、Ti、LREE、Nb、Ta等多种金属成矿元素。矿床成因类型为近陆滨海相沉积型。矿源为古陆源区红土型风化壳,以沉积物重力流和胶体溶液混合流体形式快速搬运,并在近陆滨岸地带以事件沉积作用快速卸载堆积而成。成矿期后,含矿建造遭受了强烈的构造改造,形成了总体呈NWW向展布的断褶带,带内发育的复式-叠加反"S"型褶皱构造构成了区内最特征的控矿构造样式。该带找矿前景好,找矿潜力大,通过进一步的矿产地质工作,有望在该带实现Fe、Al、Ti,尤其是稀有、稀土元素的重要找矿突破。     

Pressure fluctuations and the formation of the PGE-rich Merensky and chromitite reefs, Bushveld Complex

The Merensky Reef and the underlying Upper Group 2 chromitite layer, in the Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex, host much of the world’s platinum-group element (PGE) mineralization. The genesis is still debated. A number of features of the Merensky Reef are not consistent with the hypotheses involving mixing of magmas. Uniform mixing between two magmas over an area of 150 by 300 km and a thickness of 3–30 km seems implausible. The Merensky Reef occurs at the interval where Main Zone magma is added, but the relative proportions of the PGE in the Merensky Reef are comparable to those of the Critical Zone magma. Mineral and isotopic evidence in certain profiles through the Merensky Unit suggest either mixing of minerals, not magmas, and in one case, the lack of any chemical evidence for the presence of the second magma. The absence of cumulus sulphides immediately above the Merensky Reef is not predicted by this model. An alternative model is proposed here that depends upon pressure changes, not chemical processes, to produce the mineralization in chromite-rich and sulphide-rich reefs. Magma was added at these levels, but did not mix. This addition caused a temporary increase in the pressure in the extant Critical Zone magma. Immiscible sulphide liquid and/or chromite formed. Sinking sulphide liquid and/or chromite scavenged PGE (as clusters, nanoparticles or platinum-group minerals) from the magma and accumulated at the floor. Rupturing of the roof resulted in a pressure decrease and a return to sulphur-undersaturation of the magma.     

佳木斯地块西缘金矿带构造效应与壳幔作用--以鹤岗隆起为例

佳木斯地块西缘金矿带的形成受左行走滑断裂带和深部流体控制，壳-幔作用和地球动力体制转换是成矿物质活化→运移→聚集→成矿的基本动力学保障，构造应力场转换是其重要表现形式。深切地幔牡丹江岩石圈断裂的活动发生了深熔作用，使成矿物质得以活化、运移的重要驱动力，是成岩成矿作用发生的根本原因之一。地幔流体通过壳-幔相互作用形成了含矿流体，为流体成矿作用提供了矿源，并沿深断裂运移到更高的层位，在物理化学条件发生改变时沉积成矿。佳木斯地块西缘金矿带是受深断裂控制的，矿床之间是相互联系的，是在一个构造应力体制下完成它们的成矿作用的。北北东向和伴生的北西西向断裂，并有中生代浅成-超浅成岩体或脉岩侵位是今后找矿的方向。     

江西相山铀矿田深部多金属矿化成矿流体来源:流体包裹体He-Ar同位素证据

江西相山铀矿田西部地区实施的铀矿科学深钻3号孔在深部–700 m发现大量铅锌银多金属矿化脉,垂向上呈"上铀下多金属"的分布特征。本文对深部多金属矿化主成矿阶段的黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿进行了流体包裹体He和Ar同位素组成测定,结果表明,相山深部多金属矿化主成矿阶段的黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿具有较一致的He、Ar同位素组成,矿物内流体包裹体的~3He含量范围为4.55×10^–14～1560×10^–14 cm^3·STP/g,~4He含量范围为1.05×10^–7～525×10^–7 cm^3·STP/g,~3 He/~4He为2.98×10^–7～4.96×10^–7,即0.21～0.35 Ra,介于地壳(0.01～0.05 Ra)和饱和大气水(1 Ra)之间,明显低于地幔的~3 He/~4He值(6～9 Ra),⁴⁰Ar浓度为0.969×10^–7～157×10^–7 cm^3·STP/g,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar值为303.7～573.9,略高于饱和大气水的Ar同位素组成,结合矿石和蚀变岩石中Li元素富集特征,本文认为相山西部地区深部多金属成矿流体以地壳流体和大气降水为主,成矿流体富Li元素是He同位素明显高于地壳的原因,可能存在少量幔源流体的加入。另外,通过对比前人研究的该地区铀矿化矿石中黄铁矿He-Ar同位素组成,并结合前人对该地区幔源组分明显参与铀成矿的认识,本文认为多金属矿化和铀矿化成矿流体可能并非同一来源。     

江南造山带(湖南段)金矿成矿规律与资源潜力

扬子地块—华夏地块经历武陵期—雪峰期增生造山-碰撞造山形成江南造山带,构成统一的华南板块,进入板内演化阶段。本文从构造-岩浆作用-沉积建造角度,结合地质年代学、古地磁、岩相古地理分析,加里东运动、印支运动属陆内作用,造就了加里东期、印支期两次主要的金矿成矿事件。湖南雪峰山—幕阜山(俗称“金腰带”)加里东期和印支晚期金矿床分区成带产出,构成一条复合型造山型金矿带。区域性构造导矿、次级构造交汇或叠加控矿明显;矿石普遍发育条带状构造,属韧性剪切递进变形的产物。通过对区域成矿背景、金矿成矿理论,金矿床(体)地质特征,结合同位素地球化学、地质找矿成果及深部验证情况等多方面研究表明该成矿带深部找矿潜力巨大,2000 m以浅金远景资源量有望达到3000 t。