地理国情普查中地表覆盖分类数据典型问题解析

由于地理国情普查是一个全新的、有别于其他测绘项目的新兴项目,在生产过程中难免会出现各种各样的问题。本文结合生产实际,对于地表覆盖分类数据生产过程中出现的一些特征明显、问题集中的错误进行归类解析。     

ComGIS在阿克苏地区矿产资源数据库管理系统建设中的应用

采用ComGIS技术,SuperMap二次开发平台,利用可视化开发工具C#与SuperMap Object提供的控件、工具、对象库相结合的具体开发模式,设计开发了阿克苏地区矿产资源数据库管理系统。并利用GIS实现了矿产资源数据库基础数据的建设。     

ZY-102C星数据在矿山遥感监测中的应用研究与分析

利用资源一号(ZY-1)02C卫星(以下简称02C星)全色高分辨率相机(HR)和多光谱相机(MUX)数据,以河北承德多金属矿区和江西寻乌稀土矿区为实验区,开展了1∶5万矿山遥感监测应用研究;分析了应用过程中存在的问题,提出了解决方案和建议,对02C星数据在矿山遥感监测中的规模化应用起到了示范效果。研究结果表明:在数据处理流程上,对空间分辨率为2.36 m的02C星全色HR1与HR2数据需先进行正射纠正再拼接,对空间分辨率为10 m的多光谱数据MUX可采用假彩色合成方法进行模拟真彩色合成;在矿山地物识别上,与SPOT5图像比较,02C星图像可更好地反映出开采面、开采点、中转场和矿山建筑等矿山地物类型,不足之处是纹理信息较平滑、矿山地物的边界相对模糊,因而增加了室内解译的难度;在经济效益上,02C星数据的性价比优势明显。因此,尽管02C星数据处理和解译工作量较大,但其能满足1∶5万矿山遥感监测要求,总体经济效益显著。     

深部细粒碎屑岩储层成岩作用研究——以苏北盆地张家垛油田阜三段为例

毗邻烃源岩的细粒储层,由于其岩石结构、组分及沉积环境的特殊性,成岩作用表现出一定差异。本文以张家垛油田阜三段细粒碎屑岩储层为例,通过铸体薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等相关分析,研究其成岩作用的特殊性。研究结果表明:(1)细粒储层的成分成熟度和结构成熟度较高,常被泥岩包裹,在压实作用中若存在欠压实,粒间孔可以被很好地保留下来;(2)细粒储层形成时水动力较弱,杂基含量高导致微孔较多;(3)大量的粘土矿物使孔隙比表面增加,抑制了后期硅质和碳酸盐胶结物的析出;(4)比表面的增加减缓了孔隙流体的对流速率和扩散速率,不利于次生孔隙的形成,粒度越细,次生孔隙越不发育。细粒碎屑岩储层有别于常规储层,对其特殊的成岩作用进行研究具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

Simulation of the Direct Radiative Effect of Mineral Dust and Sea Salt Aerosols in a Doubled Carbon Dioxide Climate

The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect(DRE)of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In response to the drier and windier conditions,dust emissions increase by 26%in the Sahara Desert and by 18%on the global scale relative to present day.Sea salt emissions increase in high latitudes(60°)but decrease in middle latitudes(30°–60°)of both hemispheres due to the poleward shift of westerlies,leading to a 3%decrease in global emissions.The burdens of dust and sea salt increase by 31%and 7%respectively,because reductions in rainfall over the tropical oceans increase the lifetime of particles in the warmer climate.The higher aerosol loading in the doubled-CO2climate reinforces aerosol DRE by0.2 W m 2,leading to an additional cooling of 0.1°C at the surface compared with the climatic effects of aerosols in present day.The additional cooling from changes in natural aerosols compensates for up to 15%of the regional warming induced by doubled CO2.     

城市地下空间安全监测与预警指标研究

为保障城市地下空间开发利用的安全性,促进城市可持续发展,通过文献调研、现场调查和专家咨询等方法,分析提出城市地下空间监测的五项原则,将监测对象划分为三类：工程结构本体、周围岩土体以及周边环境。将监测指标归纳为变形类、力学类、振动类和宏观状态类共四类,其中变形类指标执行双控要求,其他三种指标执行单控要求。监测趋势预测分析可采用公式法、回归分析法、时间序列分析法、灰色预测法、神经网络法和支持向量机法等。全国各地监测控制值基本一致,但预警分级标准存在地区差异,其中北京市和广州市分级预警具有较大参考价值。目前城市地下空间安全监测存在七项不足：预警分级标准不完善,人工监测效率低,监测参数单一,监测信息缺少共享协同,测量精度较低,重监测轻预测以及缺乏数据融合和机器学习应用。针对这些问题,可采取七项措施进行改进：建立合理预警分级标准,发展自动化与智能化监测,多参数综合监测,应用远程监测与云平台,开发高精度测量设备,监测和预测并重,以及数据融合与机器学习应用。     

Optimization techniques for integrating spatial data

Two optimization techniques ta predict a spatial variable from any number of related spatial variables are presented. The applicability of the two different methods for petroleum-resource assessment is tested in a mature oil province of the Midcontinent (USA). The information on petroleum productivity, usually not directly accessible, is related indirectly to geological, geophysical, petrographical, and other observable data. This paper presents two approaches based on construction of a multivariate spatial model from the available data to determine a relationship for prediction. In the first approach, the variables are combined into a spatial model by an algebraic map-comparison/integration technique. Optimal weights for the map comparison function are determined by the Nelder-Mead downhill simplex algorithm in multidimensions. Geologic knowledge is necessary to provide a first guess of weights to start the automatization, because the solution is not unique. In the second approach, active set optimization for linear prediction of the target under positivity constraints is applied. Here, the procedure seems to select one variable from each data type (structure, isopachous, and petrophysical) eliminating data redundancy. Automating the determination of optimum combinations of different variables by applying optimization techniques is a valuable extension of the algebraic map-comparison/integration approach to analyzing spatial data. Because of the capability of handling multivariate data sets and partial retention of geographical information, the approaches can be useful in mineral-resource exploration.     

鲁北临盘地热资源特征及开发利用

鲁北临盘地热资源丰富 ,热储层为新近纪黄骅群馆陶组 ,热储盖层为新近纪黄骅群明化镇组和第四纪平原组 ,热源主要来自地壳深部正常热流传导。目前已钻凿 2口地热井 ,开发利用效益显著。地热开发要避开油气层 ,石油开发要防止污染地热储水层。     

地勘单位推行ISO质量管理体系的探讨

近年来,山东省煤田地质局在推行ISO质量管理体系中,取得了一定成效,但也存在体系运行与现状不同步及执行体系程序标准不严格等问题。根据问题产生的原因,要保证质量管理体系发挥应有的作用,领导层要进一步提高认识,注重抓基层、抓基础、抓基本的“三基”工作,加大内审的频率和力度,建设高水平的内审员队伍和加强对职工的培训。     

Structural Control of Sand Bodies and Deep Exploration for Oil and Gas

The structural styles can be used to analyses and predict developments and distributions of sand bodies in a rift basin. The dynamic process of faulting and sedimentation can be expressed as follow: the basin topography controlled by fault activity can control water dynamics; which in turn affect the transport and sedimentation of sediments. The corresponding analysis between structural styles and sand depositional types includes the following aspects: (1) in section, the corresponding between development of fault terraces and sand depositional types; (2) in plane, the relationship between faults' association and distributions of sand bodies. There are four types of terrace styles to be identified. They are Steep Slope Single Fault Terrace (SSSFT), Steep Slope Multiple Fault Terrace (SSMFT), Gentle Slope (GS) and Gentle Slope Multiple Fault Terrace (GSMFT), which also can be divided into six subtypes by the timing of the faults activities and the directions of their activity migrations (basinward and landward or marginward). They correspond to the following sand depositions such as alluvial fan, fan delta and turbidite fan etc.. The analysis of structure-sedimentation is a discussion on the rank Ⅲ sequence evolution under the condition of pulsing or episodic fault activities. It has been recognized four plane fault associations such as the comb, the broom, the fork and the fault-fold association as well as the corresponding sand distributions. Structural-sedimentary models above mentioned are significant for the deep oil and gas exploration when lacking of the drill data. It may reduce multiple resolutions in the interpretation of seismic-sedimentary facies and promote sand predictions through the constraints of the structural styles of the basin units. The structural-sedimentary pattern can be used as a geological model in oil and gas exploration in the rift basins.