广东省大宝山矿矿业遗迹及其调查评价

大宝山矿历史悠久,矿业遗迹数量众多,类型多样。文章通过调查大宝山矿的矿产地质遗迹、矿业生产遗址、矿业活动遗迹、矿业制品、矿业开发史籍的基本特征,对主要矿业遗迹的科学价值、经济价值和历史文化价值进行定性评价;采用层次分析法建立评价指标体系,对主要矿业遗迹进行定量评价。结果表明,大宝山矿主要矿业遗迹景观资源有珍稀级5处、重要级7处,呈现出景观品质高、互补性强、配套性好、特色突出等特点,具有极高的科研科普价值、游览观光价值和历史文化价值,开发矿山工业旅游的潜在优势明显。     

爆破、矿震与地震的波谱差异

根据辽宁数字地震台网记录的爆破、矿震与地震的数字资料,采用波谱分析的方法,选取4个台站对其所在区域182个爆破、矿震与地震事件的记录,对比研究波谱特征,发现爆破、矿震与地震的纵横波拐角频率fc(P,S)及最大谱值等存在的差异。     

Geochemical distribution and removal of As,Fe, Mn and Al in a surface water system affected by acid mine drainage at a coalfield in Southwestern China

The chemical characteristics, formation and natural attenuation of pollutants in the coal acid mine drainage (AMD) at Xingren coalfield, Southwest China, are discussed in this paper based on the results of a geochemical investigation as well as geological and hydrogeological background information. The chemical composition of the AMD is controlled by the dissolution of sulfide minerals in the coal seam, the initial composition of the groundwater and the water–rock interaction. The AMD is characterized by high sulfate concentrations, high levels of dissolved metals (Fe, Al, Mn, etc.) and low pH values. Ca²⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻ are the dominant cation and anion in the AMD, respectively, while Ca²⁺ and HCO₃ ⁻ are present at significant levels in background water and surface water after the drainage leaves the mine site. The pH and alkalinity increase asymptotically with the distance along the flow path, while concentrations of sulfate, ferrous iron, aluminum and manganese are typically controlled by the deposition of secondary minerals. Low concentrations of As and other pollutants in the surface waters of the Xingren coalfield could be due to relatively low quantities being released from coal seams, to adsorption and coprecipitation on secondary minerals in stream sediments, and to dilution by unpolluted surface recharge. Although As is not the most serious water quality problem in the Xingren region at present, it is still a potential environmental problem. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Geochemical characterization of karst groundwater in the cradle of humankind world heritage site,South Africa

The karst of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site plays a major role in the assimilation or carrying of acid mine drainage, sewage effluent return flow and agricultural run-off. Infiltration of contaminated water has altered the chemical composition of the natural waters of the karst system. A multivariate statistical method in combination with conventional geochemical and spatial analysis was applied on groundwater and surface water quality samples to determine the spatial extent of hydrochemical impacts from different anthropogenic sources. The application of hierarchical cluster analysis of the major ions (148 samples) recognised three distinct hydrochemical regimes. Cluster 1 is moderately mineralized, especially with regard to chloride, nitrate and sulphate, cluster 2 has a low mineralization with all elements well within the recommended drinking water limits of South Africa and cluster 3 represents highly mineralized samples taken in the vicinity of decanting mineshafts. The cluster solution is confirmed by a simple mixing model, indicating varying contributions of three identified end members (acid mine drainage, treated sewage effluents and pristine dolomitic groundwater) to the groundwater quality in the catchment. The combination of statistical, geochemical and spatial methods in conjunction with end-member mixing analysis provides a reliable method to understand the processes responsible for the groundwater quality variations and to assist in the identification of anthropogenic impacts.     

云南省东川铜矿区主要地质灾害与致损机制防控

云南省东川铜矿区因位于乌蒙山系侵蚀区和现代活动构造区,由于特殊的地形地貌、水文地质、新构造运动、植被、地层岩性和矿山开发等多因素耦合,东川铜矿区成为矿区地质灾害多发地区之一,这些诱发基本因素是矿山受损生态系统的致损机制。东川铜矿区开采历史较悠久且属于我国典型老矿山之一,由于长期的矿山开采和人类活动的影响,与本区特殊自然因素耦合等,一系列矿山地质灾害接踵而来,主要包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝、矿坑突水等,预防和治理矿山受损生态系统成为当前和今后首要难题之一。     

岩墙厚度对成矿作用的约束:以石湖金矿为例

根据透岩浆流体成矿理论,岩浆体是含矿流体的通道而不是来源,因而估算含矿流体注入岩浆体的能力是评价高位侵入体成矿潜力的有效方法。文中利用一维传热模型计算了石湖金矿区三类代表性岩墙(花岗斑岩、石英闪长玢岩和辉绿岩)不同厚度条件下的冷却时间尺度,同时估算了岩浆冷却过程中的粘度变化速率。假定岩浆侵位于约6 km,且完全固结时含矿流体才不能有效注入,石湖金矿区三类代表性岩墙的最小临界成矿厚度分别为3345 m(花岗斑岩)、822 m(石英闪长玢岩)和102 m(辉绿岩)。模拟结果与石湖金矿区矿体的产状一致,暗示模拟结果具有较强的实用价值。结合岩墙长度/宽度比值,进一步估算致矿侵入体的最小临界出露面积分别约为312～1 561 m2(玄武质岩体)、0014～0068 km2(石英闪长玢岩)和0011～0034 km2(花岗斑岩)。估算结果为野外地质找矿提供了一个定性的标准,对快速资源勘查具有参考价值。     

金川三矿地应力测量及应力状态特征研究

金川三矿位于金川矿区F17断层以东,是超基性贫矿。随着选矿和冶炼水平的提高,三矿区逐渐进入开采阶段。了解矿山深部的地应力状态可以为巷道开挖和支护设计提供科学依据。为此在三矿1 200 m水平进行了系统的地应力测量,以了解三矿区的地应力状态特征。现场测量采用改进的空芯包体应力解除法,共获得了7个测点的三维应力数据,并绘出了各测点不同法线方向的截面应力椭圆。测量结果表明,在井下约520 m深度,最大主应力量值约为17～21 MPa,属于中等应力水平。最大主应力方向分为NNW～NNE和NE～WE两组,与区域应力场基本吻合,但又表现出新的趋势方向,其原因可能是受三矿区内两条断裂的影响。部分测点最大主应力倾角超过20°,最大达-49°,以水平应力为主的矿区应力场特征发生改变。研究结果对矿山设计及施工具有重要意义。     

青州市实施废弃矿坑治理性开采的探讨

废弃矿坑治理是落实绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展工作理念的一项重要内容。青州市人民政府结合该市实际,认真落实节约集约和资源优先战略,在废弃矿坑治理方面进行了有力的探索,走出了一条资源节约集约和高效利用的新路子,为全市露天采矿权监管和低丘缓坡未利用土地开发利用工作提供了有益借鉴。     

基于视觉的水雷目标识别方法研究

水下目标识别一直是目标识别领域的研究热点,为此,以水雷目标识别为需求背景提出了一种基于视觉的水雷目标识别方法。该方法从水雷目标形状的本质特征出发,根据几何矩的物理意义,结合区域特征和边界特征构造了三个适合于水雷目标形状描述子,采用阈值判决的方法,实现水雷目标的识别。实验结果表明,该方法比基于不变矩的方法识别率更高,具有较好的稳定性,尤其适用于水下特定形状的目标识别和目标受到部分遮挡的情况。其中水下图像处理和特征的定义方法对水下目标识别具有指导和借鉴意义。     

基于模糊分类的UBGM(1,1)-Markov模型在露天矿边坡沉降预测中的应用

针对UBGM(1,1)-Markov模型中存在2个邻近值可能被归属到不同状态,导致预测值产生偏差的问题,结合模糊分类理论,构建基于模糊分类的无偏灰色-马尔科夫模型(unbiased gray-Markov model based on fuzzy classification, FC-UBGM(1,1)-Markov)。首先对UBGM(1,1)模型进行残差修正,然后将修正后拟合值的相对残差序列作为Markov链进行区间划分,再结合模糊分类的隶属度函数,计算相对残差的模糊向量,根据隶属度确定其所属的状态。实际算例表明,该模型比传统UBGM(1,1)-Markov模型的预测效果更好。