On how thin submarine flows transported large volumes of sand for hundreds of kilometres across a flat basin plain without eroding the sea floor

Submarine gravity currents, especially long run‐out flows that reach the deep ocean, are exceptionally difficult to monitor in action, hence there is a need to reconstruct how these flows behave from their deposits. This study mapped five individual flow deposits (beds) across the Agadir Basin, offshore north‐west Africa. This is the only data set where bed shape, internal distribution of lithofacies, changes in grain size and sea floor gradient, bed volumes, flow thickness and depth of erosion into underlying hemipelagic mud are known for individual beds. Some flows were 30 to 120 m thick. However, flows with the highest fraction of sand were less than 5 to 14 m thick. Sand was most likely to be carried in the lower 5 to 7 m of these flows. Despite being relatively thin, one flow was capable of transporting very large volumes of sediment (ca 200 km³) for large distances across very flat sea floor. These observations show that these relatively thin flows could travel quickly enough on very low gradients (0·02° to 0·05°) to suspend sand several metres to tens of metres above the sea floor, and maintain those speeds for up to 250 km across the basin. Near uniform hemipelagic mud interval thickness between beds, and coccolith assemblages in the mud caps of beds, suggest that the flows did not erode significantly into the underlying sea floor mud. Simple calculations imply that some flows, especially in the proximal part of the basin, were powerful enough to have eroded hemipelagic mud if it was exposed to the flow. This suggests that the flows were depositional from the moment they arrived at a basin plain location, and that deposition shielded the underlying hemipelagic mud from erosion. Reproducing the field observations outlined in this exceptionally detailed field data set is a challenge for future experimental and numerical models.     

黄河凌汛及其预报研究

分析了黄河内蒙古段凌汛的特点及凌灾的成因，指出黄河凌险与黄河中上游的降水状况、冬季结冰状况及开春后的融冰速度有密切关系。依据成灾物理因素，给出了判定河套凌险状况的凌险指数，据此可对黄河凌险进行预警。确定了黄河封河的临界温度指标，得出了制作黄河开河日预报的技术方法。     

地面电场仪测量数据的误差来源及分析处理

地面电场仪测量数据准确性和一致性会直接影响到其在研究区域大气电学和进行雷电预警工作的应用准确度。通过模拟理论计算和实际观测数据进行的统计对比分析,指出了电场仪自身高度和周围环境均会产生测量误差,不同高度上的电场测量值与地表处均呈现出一定的正相关性。在晴天和雷暴两种天气情况下,由于产生地面电场的电荷源不同,提出了分别利用统计和线性拟合对这两类测量数据进行修正的方法。     

南沙套二元相结构的发现及其意义

野外调查中，作者在湖北宜昌枝城市红花镇南沙套村三峡出口处最高阶地上发现一套二元相结构沉积。按发现地点，将其定名为南沙套二元相结构。根据地层层序和接触关系，其相对年代可定为Q1。研究认为：这套沉积物不仅可用以确定长江三峡切穿和长江贯通的时代，而且也可用以研究本区新构造运动的时代及网纹红土的成因与环境。