岱海近400年以来的环境变化:高分辨率XRF岩芯扫描结果的研究

岱海是东亚夏季风边缘地带的闭流型半咸水湖泊,其汇水流域降水量的变化易于引发湖泊水位和水化学变动。选用DH11-1岩芯进行1 mm分辨率XRF元素扫描分析,并对测试结果进行多元数理统计分析,旨在查明这些元素与外源碎屑、自生碳酸盐沉积以及岱海水位、水化学变化的关联。结果显示,Si、Al、Ti、K、Fe、Rb等元素相关性好,并呈现相似的变化趋势,其含量变化与主要河流带入的碎屑物的多寡有关;Ca元素主要反映沉积物中自生碳酸盐即文石和方解石矿物含量的增减。研究发现,在人类活动严重影响之前,岱海在过去~400年期间的环境特征总体可划分为4个阶段,各阶段的水位、水化学特征及水量平衡有所不同,总体受汇水盆地降水量变化的控制。此外,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cr可能与人类活动影响有关。     

阿尔金-祁连山晚新生代隆升-剥露过程——来自岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学的制约

阿尔金-祁连山位于青藏高原北缘, 其新生代的隆升-剥露过程记录了高原变形和向北扩展的历史, 对探讨高原隆升动力学具有重要意义。本文采用岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹测年分析, 利用岩屑的统计特征限定阿尔金-祁连山新生代的隆升-剥露过程。磷灰石裂变径迹测试结果表明, 阿尔金-祁连山地区存在4个阶段的抬升冷却: 21.1~19.4 Ma、13.5~10.5 Ma、9.0~7.3 Ma、4.3~3.8 Ma。其中, 4.3~3.8 Ma抬升冷却事件仅体现在祁连山地区, 9.0~7.3 Ma抬升冷却事件在区内普遍存在, 且9.0~7.3 Ma隆升-剥露造就了现代阿尔金-祁连山的地貌。区域资料分析表明, 9~7 Ma(或者8~6 Ma)期间, 青藏高原北缘、东缘, 甚至整个中国西部地区发生了大规模、区域性的抬升, 中国现今"西高"的构造地貌形态可能于当时开始形成。阿尔金-祁连山地区4期抬升冷却事件与青藏高原的隆升阶段有很好的对应关系, 应该是对印度-欧亚板块碰撞的响应。     

东秦岭火山岩的壳幔热动力状态及造山模式

根据火山岩、沉积岩、变质作用与花岗岩成岩和形成环境的综合研究,本文确认熊耳群玄武粗安岩-英安流纹岩组合、大红口组粗面岩组合具低级壳幔热动力状态,形成于大陆裂谷环境;秦岭群、宽坪群变拉斑玄武岩建造具中级壳幔热动力状态,形成于海槽环境;二郎坪群、丹凤群细碧岩-石英角斑岩建造发育于高级壳幔热动力状态的海盆环境,具有下地幔岩石圈拆离导致的A型俯冲造山模式。     

大兴安岭北段雅尔根楚I型花岗岩年代学、岩石地球化学及其地球动力学意义

对内蒙古大兴安岭北段雅尔根楚花岗岩岩体岩相学研究表明,该花岗岩岩体主要岩性组合为正长花岗岩和花岗质糜棱岩,应用锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年方法,测得的3组年龄为226.8±2.2Ma、230.2±1.3Ma和233.6±1.5Ma,表明其岩体侵位时代为晚三叠世.岩石主量元素(XRF)具有富硅、富钾的特征,A/CNK值为0.81～1.10,显示铝弱饱和,相对富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,具有Eu负异常,微量元素相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,显示岛弧性质的花岗岩特征,微量元素特征显示其为Ⅰ型花岗岩.经过综合研究认为该Ⅰ型花岗岩可能是在整个伸展环境下,岩石圈地幔压力降低导致地幔上涌,残余的洋壳熔融提供流体注入,从而该岩体发生侵位.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of spring water in the Harz Mountains,Germany

Spring water samples of the Harz Mountains were taken in several seasons of 2010, 2011, and 2012. The samples have been analysed for main components (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻ and NO₃⁻), trace elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Y and REE), DOC, δ¹⁸O and δ²H of water. Meteoric water is indicated as the main source of the springs sampled. High precipitation rates lead to a dilution of the measured elemental concentrations. Furthermore, regional differences of rock and water interactions were found. REE concentrations and patterns of the spring waters vary between the distinct geological units and reflect the geochemical characteristics of the surrounding rocks. The actual data compared to measured data from the seventies and nineties of the last century indicate a decrease of the sulphate concentrations in the spring waters which is typical of many European mountain catchments.     

东昆仑祁漫塔格西段白干湖超大型钨锡矿田地质特征及其矿化交代岩分类

白干湖钨锡矿田位于东昆仑祁漫塔格西段新疆维吾尔自治区若羌县境内.笔者通过对柯可卡尔德、白干湖、巴什尔希和阿瓦尔4处矿床实地剖析,认为这些矿床已构成一个集矽卡岩型、云英岩化花岗岩微细网脉浸染型和石英脉型交代、充填叠加复合的具超大型远景规模的钨锡矿田.矿田内矿化类型显示出一定的分布规律或分带性:即产于花岗岩边部外接触带的矽卡岩型白钨矿矿体,呈透镜状或似层状分布在金水口群浅变质岩系大理岩内;产于花岗岩小突起内侧及其顶部外接触带伸枝脉岩的云英岩化花岗岩微细网脉浸染型钨锡矿体,前者呈厚板状透镜体面型分布,后者则呈脉状线型分布于围岩地层中;产于隐伏花岗岩突起上部外接触带的石英脉充填交代型锡石黑钨矿矿体,其因受区域NE向白干湖深大断裂构造限制,多呈低缓角度的平行脉状充填于金水口群浅变质岩系的绢云石英片岩中.根据矿石矿物组合等特征,矿田内的矿化蚀变可划分为3种:即矽卡岩化、云英岩化(包括钠长石化、电气石化等)和硅化.研究表明,矿田内矽卡岩型白钨矿化、云英岩化花岗岩微细网脉浸染型钨锡矿化和石英脉充填交代型锡石黑钨矿化构成一个与加里东期中细粒(似斑状)二长花岗岩侵入活动有成因联系的矿田成矿系列,属于岩浆期后高温-气化热液交代和中低温热液充填交代形成的产物.     

青海扎日加花岗岩地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及地质意义

扎日加花岗岩直接侵入到已发生褶皱的三叠纪地层中,岩石类型主要为花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,两者呈渐变过渡关系,岩石具粗粒结构或斑状结构。地球化学研究显示,北巴颜喀拉扎日加花岗岩具有高硅〔w(SiO2)为66·29%～73·03%〕、高碱(ALK=6·59～9·26)、过铝质(ASI=1·45～1·648)的特征;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解表现出轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,具中等至弱Eu的负异常;原始地幔标准化蛛网图表现出相对富集Cs、Rb、Ba、U等大离子亲石元素及LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、HREE等高场强元素,指示其为壳源型高钾钙碱性系列的强过铝质S型花岗岩。在主量元素构造判别图解FeO*/(FeO*+MgO)-SiO2和R1-R2及微量元素构造判别图解Rb-(Y-Nb)、Rb-(Yb+Ta)、Ta-Yb、Nb-Y及Rb-H-fTa上,所有点均落于同碰撞或后碰撞花岗岩区,且都落于Sr-Yb图的低Sr、低Yb区,表明扎日加花岗岩形成于巴颜喀拉山造山带陆内碰撞造山阶段的同碰撞至后碰撞初期,为挤压向拉张构造体制转变的过渡时期,以挤压构造环境为主。LA-ICP-MS微区原位U-Pb定年获得该岩体的侵位时间为200Ma左右,属晚三叠世—早侏罗纪,表明大场地区处于巴颜喀拉造山带陆内碰撞造山阶段的同碰撞向后碰撞初过渡时期,并且至少在(193±4)Ma时已进入伸展构造环境。对比已有的大场金矿成矿年龄,显示扎日加花岗岩与大场金矿的形成均为巴颜喀拉造山带陆内碰撞造山阶段的产物成岩与成矿之间可能存在内在联系。     

The Deep Geophysical Structure of the Middle Section of the Longmen Mountains Tectonic Belt and its Relation to the Wenchuan Earthquake

Investigation of the deep geophysical structure of the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt and its relation to the Wenchuan Earthquake is important for the study of earthquakes. By using magnetotelluric sounding profiles of the Luqu–Zhongjiang and Anxian–Suining; seismic sounding profiles of the Sichuan Maowen–Chongqing Gongtan, the Qinghai Huashi Gorge–Sichuan Jianyang, and the Batang–Zizhong; and magnetogravimetric data of the Longmen Mountains region, the deep geophysical structure of the Songpan–Ganzi block, the western Sichuan foreland basin, and the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt and their relation was discussed. The eastward extrusion of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau thrusts the Songpan–Ganzi block upon the Yangtze block, which obstructs the eastward movement of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The Maoxian–Wenchuan, Beichuan–Yingxiu, and Anxian–Guanxian faults of the Longmen Mountains fault belt dip to northwest with different dip angles and gradually converge in the deeper parts. Geophysical structure suggests that an intracrustal low-velocity, low-resistivity, and high-conductivity layer is common between the middle and upper crust west of the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt but not in the upper Yangtze block. The Sichuan Basin has a thick low-resistance sedimentary layer on a stable high-resistance basement; moreover, there are secondary paleohighs and depression structures at the lower part of the western Sichuan foreland basin with characteristic of high magnetic anomalies, whereas the Songpan–Ganzi block has a high resisitivity cover of upper crust and continues to a low-resistance layer. Considering the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt as the boundary, there are Bouguer gravity anomalies of "one belt between two zones." Thus, we infer that there is a corresponding relation between the inferred crystalline basement of the Songpan block and the underlying basin basement of the Longmen Mountains fault belt. Furthermore, there may be an extensive ancient Yangtze block, which is west of the Ruoergai block. In addition, the crust–mantle ductile shear zone under the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt is the main fault, whereas the Beichuan–Yingxiu and Anxian–Guanxian faults at the surface are earthquake faults. The Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake might be attributed to the collision of the Yangtze block and the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The eastward obduction of the eastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and eastward subduction of its deeper part under the influence of the collision of the Indian, Pacific, and Philippine Plates with the Eurasia Plate might have caused the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt to cut the Moho and extend to the middle and upper crust; thus, creating high stress concentration and rapid energy release zone.     

南秦岭热水沉积型金矿床成因浅析——以金龙山金矿床为例

热水沉积型金矿床是我国秦岭主要的金矿床类型。南秦岭沉积盆地是在扬子板块和华北板块的大地构造活动中形成的。通过对前人研究成果的总结和认识,对南秦岭区域构造活动和金龙山金矿床的分析,认为南秦岭热水沉积型金矿床的同生断裂构造、地层、沉积盆地环境特征与矿床的形成有密切关系。     

内蒙古红花尔基钨多金属矿床成岩成矿年代学研究

红花尔基钨多金属矿床是近年在大兴安岭中北部新发现的一处储量达大型规模的钨多金属矿床,矿体受含矿花岗岩体控制,总体呈平缓似层状赋存于花岗岩体内的顶部接触带。含矿花岗岩为不等粒结构,岩体无显著变形变质特征,保存基本完好。岩体含矿部位均遭受强烈的绢云母化、云英岩化、硅化等蚀变,与成矿有关的蚀变主要为绢云母化。矿床主要有用金属矿物为白钨矿和辉钼矿,岩体内辉钼矿与白钨矿大体具上钼下钨的分带特点,其钨矿体呈细脉状或稀疏大脉状分布于灰白色蚀变花岗岩内,多伴随硅化石英脉。辉钼矿呈细脉状、薄膜状或团块状产于花岗岩内,地层中局部可见与黄铁矿、黄铜矿、白钨矿共生,显示该矿床为一高温热液脉型钨多金属矿床。笔者对矿区2件含矿花岗岩样品——黑云母花岗岩HHW-1、HHW-12进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,2件样品的年龄结果具有一致性,谐和年龄为（179.4±2.3）Ma~（179.2±1.8）Ma;同时,对矿区7件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析,获得同位素等时线年龄为（176.8±2.2）Ma（MSWD=0.29）,岩体的形成年龄稍早于成矿年龄,在测试误差范围内具有一致性。结合野外地质特征及岩相学研究,我们认为黑云母花岗岩体与成矿密切相关,矿床成岩及成矿时代均为早-中侏罗世,属燕山期构造-岩浆活动的产物。