清中晚期中国生态严重退化的思考——兼论"摊丁入地"政策与长城生态功能消失的协同作用

清代中期因"摊丁入地"政策的刺激,人口激增,中国PRED关系严重失衡.长期、大范围的坡地和非宜农地被开垦,导致了一次中国封建农业时代范围最广、破坏最严重的生态退化过程.与此同时,长城生态功能的消失进一步扩大并加深了退化过程.从系统角度分析,支撑庞大人口的物质、能量基础不是来自自然社会经济复合系统(NSECS)之外,也不是通过提高系统效率,而是转嫁于生态.转嫁源自农民对耕地的过度依赖关系,其根源则在于传统生产方式和文化惯性.NSECS子系统耦合导致正反馈效应,使生态长期处于退化的困境中.     

Changes of taxonomical composition of Late Jurassic Early Cretaceous palynofloras of Bureya Basin,Russia

The changes of taxonomical composition of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous palynofloras are revealed,in the upper stream of Bureya River in Bureya Basin.The palynofloras are dominated as follows:the Berriasian one by ferns (Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae,Osmundaceae), Classopollis and bisaccate pollen;the Valanginian-Hauterivian one by ferns (Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae), Ginkgocycadophytus and bisaccate pollen;the Barremian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dieksoniaceae);the Aptian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dieksoniaceae,Gleicheniaceae)and Ginkgocycadophytus;and the Albian one by ferns(Schizaeaceae)and bisaccate pollen.In the Albian the floral diversity raises with the angiosperms appearing.     

Middle Holocene warm period and sea level high in coastal areas,North China

Relevant geological, geographical, archaeological data were collected to study the characteristics of middle Holocene warm period and sea level high on North China coast. Middle Holocene climate and sea level change on North China coast were correlated to warm marine environment events in about 8-3 ka B.E The sea level in about 8 ka B.E was higher than present mean sea level, then fluctuated for 5 000 years and after that it became even in 3 ka B.E The highest sea level occurred in about 6-5 ka B.E; the maximum was about 2-3 m and minimum was about 1-2 m.     

Changes of taxonomical composition of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous palynofloras of Bureya Basin,Russia

The changes of taxonomical composition of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous palynofloras are revealed,in the upper stream of Bureya River in Bureya Basin.The palynofloras are dominated as follows:the Berriasian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae,Osmundaceae),Classopollis and bisaccate pollen;the Valanginian-Hauterivian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae),Ginkgocycadophytus and bisaccate pollen;the Barremian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae);the Aptian one by ferns(Cyatheaceae,Dicksoniaceae,Gleicheniaceae) and Ginkgocycadophytus;and the Albian one by ferns(Schizaeaceae) and bisaccate pollen.In the Albian the floral diversity raises with the angiosperms appearing.     

藏南洛扎地区侏罗纪—早白垩世层序地层与地层格架——兼论基本层序变化规律调查在区调工作中的运用

根据米级旋回垂向上的变化规律，新特提斯洋北缘北喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘的沉积层序自侏罗纪—早白垩世共可划分二级层序3个，三级层序18个。早、中侏罗世低位体系域不发育，由海进体系域与高位体系域两部分组成。晚侏罗世出现大型深切河谷。海平面下降幅度最大。早白垩世发育陆架边缘体系域。在此基础上建立了测区侏罗纪—早白垩世地层格架。讨论了当前1∶〖KG-*2〗25万、1∶〖KG-*2〗5万区调填图过程中岩石地层单位内基本层序调查应从静态的代表性基本层序描述转变为动态的基本层序变化规律的调查，阐明了基本层序变化规律与层序地层的关系。     

Rock relationships in the Mogok metamorphic belt, Tatkon to Mandalay, central Myanmar

The Mogok metamorphic belt (MMB), over 1450 km long and up to 40 km wide, consists of regionally metamorphosed rocks including kyanite and sillimanite schists and granites lying along the Western margin of the Shan Plateau in central Myanmar and continuing northwards to the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Exposures in quarries allow correlation of Palaeozoic meta-sedimentary, early Mesozoic meta-igneous and late Mesozoic intrusive rocks within a 230 km long northerly-trending segment of the MMB, from Tatkon to Kyanigan north of Mandalay, and with the Mogok gemstone district 100 km to the northeast. Relationships among the metamorphic and intrusive rocks, with sparse published radiometric age controls, indicate at least two metamorphic events, one before and one after the intrusion of Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous calc-alkaline rocks. These relationships can be explained by either of two possible tectonic histories. One, constrained by correlation of mid-Permian limestones across Myanmar, requires early Permian and early Jurassic regional metamorphic events, prior to an early Tertiary metamorphism, in the western part of but within a Shan-Thai – western Myanmar block. The second, not compatible with a single laterally continuous Permian limestone, requires pre-Upper Jurassic regional metamorphism and orogenic gold mineralization in the Mergui Group and western Myanmar, early Cretaceous collision of an east-facing Mergui-western Myanmar island arc with the Shan Plateau, and early Tertiary metamorphism in the MMB related to reversal in tectonic polarity following the arc-Plateau collision.     

Siliceous-clayey rocks of the Jurassic accretionary prism, Khekhtsir Range, Sikhote Alin: Stratigraphy and genesis

Lithologic-stratigraphic aspects of siliceous-clayey rocks forming the Khabarovsk terrane of the Jurassic accretionary prism were studied in western spurs of the Bol’shoi Khekhtsir Range on the left side of the Ussuri River (Ussuri-Khekhtsir section). Two defined types of the examined section differ in the composition, age, and origin of their constituting rocks. The northern segment of the section is composed of middle Bajocian red-brown siliceous-tuffaceous silty and olive-gray silty mudstones that accumulated in the hemipelagic domain under the influence of continental provenance. Its southern segment is represented by lower Bathonian olive-gray siliceous mudstones, mudstones barren of any admixtures, and yellowish brown tuffaceous mudstones deposited far away from the continent in waters with abundant radiolarians. It is shown that these rocks are elements of two tectono-stratigraphic complexes that reflect different stages in the accretionary prism formation.     

Paleogeography of the Bureya Foredeep (in the Far East) in the Jurassic

Using the standard methods of paleogeographic analysis, small-scale paleogeographic sketch maps of the Verkhnyaya Bureya and Gudzhik depressions of the Bureya Foredeep are compiled for the Pliensbachian, Bajocian-Bathonian, Callovian, and Tithonian ages of the Jurassic. Marine sedimentation settings that existed during the Late Triassic and the major part of the Jurassic are characterized.     

New fossil eccoptarthrids (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China

One new genus and three new species of the weevil family Eccoptarthridae (Curculionoidea), Leptocar polychaetus gen. et sp. nov., Abrocar macilentus sp. nov., Cretonanophyes punctatus sp. nov., are described and illustrated. They pertain to the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, China. The host plants to the living eccoptarthrids and the floras in Yixian Formation indicate that those archaic eccoptarthrids possibly lived on conifers with a phylogenetic closeness to Cupressaceae. Besides, the early diversification of eccoptarthrids is discussed: origi- nated in Central or East Asia in the Late Jurassic, spread into Western Europe and South America during the Early Cretaceous, underwent a dramatic decline after the Early Cretaceous which likely was caused by competitive pressure and the displacement of their host plants.     

Discovery of Jurassic ammonoids from the Shyok suture zone to the northeast of Chang La Pass, Ladakh, northwest India and its tectonic significance

Abstract   Callovian (late Middle Jurassic) ammonoids Macrocephalites and Jeanneticeras were recovered from the Shyok suture zone, northeast of Chang La Pass, Ladakh, northwest India. They are the first reliable Jurassic fossils and the oldest chronologic data from the Shyok suture zone. The ammonoid-bearing Jurassic strata, newly defined as the Tsoltak Formation, consist largely of terrigenous mudstone with thin sandstone beds and were probably a part of the continental basement to the Cretaceous Ladakh Arc.