Late Quaternary vegetation and fire history in the northernmost Nothofagus forest region: Mallín Vaca Lauquen,Neuquén Province,Argentina

The last 16 000 cal. a of vegetation, fire and limnological history are described from the steppe‐forest ecotone in the northernmost Nothofagus forest region east of the Andes (Mallín Vaca Lauquen, Neuquén Province, Argentina, latitude 36° 51.336′ S, longitude 71° 02.538′ W). Between 16 000 and 14 800 cal. a BP, scrub steppe with substantial open ground expanded in formerly glaciated valleys, whereas Nothofagus–Prumnopitys andina woodland covered mountain slopes. The site was a relatively deep and unproductive small lake at this time. After 14 800 cal. a BP, both steppe and woodland vegetation became denser, indicating increased moisture and temperatures, although not to present levels. The lake was still relatively deep and dystrophic, but became more alkaline by 10 000 cal. a BP. Between 8900 and 5500 cal. a BP, conditions were markedly drier than before; a Cyperaceae marsh developed and disturbance taxa increased. After 5500 cal. a BP, moisture increased but varied greatly, as evidenced by fluctuating water levels and high fire activity from 5500 to 4400 cal. a BP and from 2300 to 1000 cal. a BP. Human activity, in terms of forest clearance and livestock grazing, is documented in the uppermost levels. The evidence of high environmental variability in the middle and late Holocene is consistent with the onset or strengthening of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, but differences in the timing of fire activity among sites on the west and east sides of the Andes suggest that fuel conditions were important in determining the local occurrence of fire. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江中、下游特大暴雨洪水的成功预报和科学依据

进入 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,中国七大江河流域旱涝频繁 ,旱涝灾害和由旱涝引起的次生地质灾害十分严重 ,特别是长江中、下游地区的洪涝几率高达 5 0 % (5 /10 )。 195 1— 2 0 0 0年长江中、下游地区发生了 9个大水年 ,几率为 18% (9/5 0 ) ,90年代洪涝的频繁程度属 2 0世纪之最 ,1998年特大暴雨洪水的时空集中强度也属 2 0世纪之最。长江的大暴雨洪水在近 10a来很频繁 ,但从气候分布几率来看 ,它毕竟是小概率事件 ,对小概率事件的长期预报具有很大的难度 ,而且暴雨洪水的长期影响因子也错综复杂 ,这就给预报带来了艰巨性。通过对降水的各种影响因子的分析研究和多因子集成预报模型的研制 ,对 1998年长江流域的特大暴雨洪水从时间、地区和量级三要素的长、中期预报都取得了成功 ,对其他 5个洪涝年也从趋势和分级两方面做出了成功的长期预报。文中重点剖析了预报取得成功的科学依据。     

南极气候变化的季节特征

利用１９６２－１９９３年南极１６站地面至３０ｈＰａ１０个标准层上月平均温度，南极臭氧总量以及２８００ＭＨＺ太阳通量资料，采用最大熵功率变方法，研究了各季中月南极诸高度气候的线性趋势变化，熵谱特征及其可能原因。     

Geometrical-statistical modelling of systems of fracture zones along oceanic ridges

A mechanical-statistical model is presented that aims to help to understand the history and geometry of the process of formation of fracture zones along oceanic ridges. It uses ideas of statistical fracture theory used in engineering, namely the Weibull fracture model. The approximate parallelism of the fracture zones along ridges makes it possible to use a one-dimensional point process model with points along the ridge axes, which represent the transform faults. The ratios of the lengths of the corresponding fracture zones to the ocean width are used to obtain a rough estimate of the Weibull modulus, which is an important material parameter in fracture theory. The theory is refined by introducing a hard-core point process model. The corresponding positive minimum distance between subsequent fracture zones results from stress relaxation in the vicinity of a given fracture zone.     

Dredge petrology of the boninite‐ and adakite‐bearing Hahajima Seamount of the Ogasawara (Bonin) forearc: An ophiolite or a serpentinite seamount?§

Abstract During the Hakuho‐Maru KH03‐3 cruise and the Tansei‐Maru KT04‐28 cruise, more than 1000 rock samples were dredged from several localities over the Hahajima Seamount, a northwest–southeast elongated, rectangular massif, 60 km × 30 km in size, with a flat top approximately 1100 m deep. The rocks included almost every lithology commonly observed among the on‐land ophiolite outcrops. Volcanic rocks included mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB)‐like tholeiitic basalt and dolerite, calc‐alkaline basalt and andesite, boninite, high‐Mg adakitic andesite, dacite, and minor rhyolite. Gabbroic rocks included troctolite, olivine gabbro, olivine gabbronorite (with inverted pigeonite), gabbro, gabbronorite, norite, and hornblende gabbro, and showed both MORB‐type and island arc‐type mineralogies. Ultramafic rocks were mainly depleted mantle harzburgite (spinel Cr? 50–80) and its serpentinized varieties, with some cumulate dunite, wehrlite and pyroxenites. This rock assemblage suggests a supra‐subduction zone origin for the Hahajima Seamount. Compilation of the available dredge data indicated that the ultramafic rocks occur in the two northeast–southwest‐oriented belts on the seamount, where serpentinite breccia and gabbro breccia have also developed, but the other areas are free from ultramafic rocks. Although many conical serpentinite seamounts 10 km in size are aligned along the Izu–Ogasawara (Bonin)–Mariana forearc, the Hahajima Seamount may be better interpreted as a fault‐bounded, uplifted massif composed of ophiolitic thrust sheets, resembling the Izki block of the Oman ophiolite in its shape and size. The ubiquitous roundness of the dredged rocks and their thin Mn coating (<2 mm) suggest that the Hahajima Seamount was uplifted above sealevel and wave‐eroded, like the present Macquarie Is., a rare example of ophiolite exposure in an oceanic setting. The Ogasawara Plateau on the Pacific Plate is adjacent to the east of the Hahajima Seamount, and collision and subduction of the plateau may have caused uplift of the forearc ophiolite body.     

亚洲中高纬度环流对东亚夏季降水的影响

夏季印度季风和东亚季风环流的主要差异之一在于：东亚夏季风环流受中高纬度环流影响很大。文中探讨了中高纬度环流对东亚夏季风环流以及长江中下游地区夏季降水的影响。结果表明：东亚夏季降水环流型及长江中下游地区夏季降水的强弱受乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海形势的影响,特别是东亚夏季梅雨期异常的降水与中高纬度阻塞型的建立密切相关。研究表明：当鄂霍次克海高压建立并稳定时,亚洲中高纬度及东亚东部地区的距平场易分别形成＋－＋的距平波列,东亚地区距平波列的这种分布形势及其相互作用常常造成东亚夏季特别是梅雨期降水偏多;反之,当鄂霍次克海为低值区时,亚洲中高纬度和东亚东部地区的距平场易形成－＋－的距平波列,东亚距平波列的这种分布形势不利于东亚夏季梅雨期的降水。因此,在考虑东亚夏季风环流的形势及其对同期降水的影响时,中高纬度的环流形势及其与低纬环流的相互作用是非常重要的因素。     

厄尔尼诺现象和拉尼娜现象与中高纬地区气候的关系

利用概率统计学方法,分析厄尔尼诺现象和拉尼娜现象与中高纬地区四季气温、≥10℃活动积温、初霜、终霜及降水等的关系,对短期气候预测具有较好的参考价值。     

南岭中段中生代构造-岩浆活动与铀成矿序列

本通过对南岭中段中生代各类侵入岩体的侵入关系、构造活动及热液脉体的归纳分析，结合同位素测龄资料，对该区中生代以来构造－岩浆、热液活动及铀矿化先后关系进行了排序，总结了不同阶段构造－岩浆和热液活动的特征，讨论了花岗岩型铀矿成矿作用前后各类成矿控制因素的先后关系，认为铀成矿作用在时间和空间上与中生代构造－岩浆、热液活动有着十分密切的联系。     

Aeolian sand sea development along the mid‐Cretaceous western Tethyan margin (Spain): erg sedimentology and palaeoclimate implications

The existence of a mid‐Cretaceous erg system along the western Tethyan margin (Iberian Basin, Spain) was recently demonstrated based on the occurrence of wind‐blown desert sands in coeval shallow marine deposits. Here, the first direct evidence of this mid‐Cretaceous erg in Europe is presented and the palaeoclimate and palaeoceanographic implications are discussed. The aeolian sand sea extended over an area of 4600 km². Compound crescentic dunes, linear draa and complex aeolian dunes, sand sheets, wet, dry and evaporitic interdunes, sabkha deposits and coeval extradune lagoonal deposits form the main architectural elements of this desert system that was located in a sub‐tropical arid belt along the western Tethyan margin. Sub‐critically climbing translatent strata, grain flow and grain fall deposits, pin‐stripe lamination, lee side dune wind ripples, soft‐sediment deformations, vertebrate tracks, biogenic traces, tubes and wood fragments are some of the small‐scale structures and components observed in the aeolian dune sandstones. At the boundary between the aeolian sand sea and the marine realm, intertonguing of aeolian deposits and marine facies occurs. Massive sandstone units were laid down by mass flow events that reworked aeolian dune sands during flooding events. The cyclic occurrence of soft sediment deformation is ascribed to intermittent (marine) flooding of aeolian dunes and associated rise in the water table. The aeolian erg system developed in an active extensional tectonic setting that favoured its preservation. Because of the close proximity of the marine realm, the water table was high and contributed to the preservation of the aeolian facies. A sand‐drift surface marks the onset of aeolian dune construction and accumulation, whereby aeolian deposits cover an earlier succession of coastal coal deposits formed in a more humid period. A prominent aeolian super‐surface forms an angular unconformity that divides the aeolian succession into two erg sequences. This super‐surface formed in response to a major tectonic reactivation in the basin, and also marks the change in style of aeolian sedimentation from compound climbing crescentic dunes to aeolian draas. The location of the mid‐Cretaceous palaeoerg fits well to both the global distribution of other known Cretaceous erg systems and with current palaeoclimate data that suggest a global cooling period and a sea‐level lowstand during early mid‐Cretaceous times. The occurrence of a sub‐tropical coastal erg in the mid‐Cretaceous of Spain correlates with the exposure of carbonate platforms on the Arabian platform during much of the Late Aptian to Middle Albian, and is related to this eustatic sea‐level lowstand.     

新疆洪灾时间序列突变及其气候原因分析

利用统计方法对新疆农田洪灾成灾面积和洪灾次数时间序列进行了非参数突变检验, 发现新疆农田洪灾成灾面积和洪灾次数时间序列在1980年代中后期发生了明显的突变.突变现象在洪灾直接经济损失上也有明显表现, 主要表现为洪灾直接经济损失在1980年代中后期出现了明显的差异, 即1980年代中后期以前损失较低, 之后急剧增大.在分析了洪灾序列和降水序列的相关关系的基础上, 认为1980年代中后期新疆洪灾损失突变的主要原因之一是此时期新疆气候发生了由干到湿的转折.