Microstructure characterization of mechanically activated hematite using XRD line broadening

The effect of dry milling in a vibratory mill on the structural changes and microstructural characteristics of hematite using different methods was investigated. We have described the line profile analysis (LPA) to extract the size of coherently diffracting domains and the lattice strain of activated hematite in a vibratory mill. The Warren–Averbach and Williamson–Hall methods were used as the main tools for characterization. The changes in the particle size, surface area and new phase formation of hematite concentrate were also investigated. It was concluded that the breakage and agglomeration of particles take place mainly at lower and higher levels of specific energy input, respectively. The pores in agglomerates remain accessible for the nitrogen gas. Milling of hematite increased specific surface area up to 18.4 m²/g. The hematite milled under various levels of specific energy input did not undergo a significant reaction or phase transformation during milling. The Williamson–Hall method confirms its merit for a rapid overview of the line broadening effects and possible understanding of the main causes. The anisotropic character of line broadening for deformed hematite as a function of specific energy input was revealed. Higher level of specific energy input favors the generation of small crystallite size, higher microstrain, BET surface area, amorphization and line breadth. The Warren–Averbach method suggested that the nanocrystalline hematite with grain sizes of 73.5–12.2 nm was formed by mechanical treatment using different milling intensities in the vibratory mill. The root mean square strain (RMSS) at L = 10 nm varies between 1.7 × 10^− 3 and 4.0 × 10^− 3 depending on the level of energy input. Limits in the applicability of Williamson–Hall method and reliability of the results are discussed in detail.     

软土固结过程中的微结构变化特征

从粘性土体结构系统观点出发 ,建立了土体结构形态概念模型 ,即土体微结构形态由颗粒形态、颗粒排列方式、孔隙性和颗粒接触关系 4种结构要素定性描述 ,这 4种结构要素分别由颗粒大小、颗粒形状、颗粒定向性等 9种结构参数定量刻划。根据土体具有的非线性特征 ,运用分形几何理论提出了粒度分维、颗粒定向分维等 7项定量表征土体微结构状态的分维指标。在此基础上 ,以厦门软土为例开展了软土固结过程中的微结构变化规律研究 ,发现固结过程中软土微结构要素调整变化具有明显的阶段性 ,前期为剧烈调整阶段 ,后期为缓慢变化阶段 ,整体表现为分维指标下降的趋势 ,从而为软土结构力学模型的建立奠定了基础。     

低级变质沉积岩区压溶作用在褶皱变形中的意义

拉卡兰褶皱带中,发育于Ballarat-Bandigo冲断带中的低级变质砂、泥岩的宏观构造以间离劈理和人字形褶皱为特征,而且劈理在褶皱中呈扇形发育。劈理和褶皱的几何关系分析显示:劈理和褶皱的形成为压溶作用、压扁作用、弯曲作用和被动旋转共同作用的结果,而褶皱砂、泥岩中变形构造则以与压溶作用和再沉淀过程有关的显微构造为其典型特征。Fry法进行的全岩应变测量显示,褶皱砂岩的内部应变相当低(X/Z=1.40—1.83),褶皱应变格局给出变形机制的信息包括:缩短过程中的压扁作用和压溶作用、褶皱过程中由弯滑导致的层平行剪应变、以及褶皱后期发育阶段内弧区强烈的压溶作用。宏观构造、显散构造以及应变特征多方面信息证明:低级变质的沉积岩在褶皱变形过程中,压溶作用为一重要的变形机制。应变分解显示在30％—50％的总地壳水平缩短量下,弯曲导致的缩短最为14％—36％,压扁导致的缩短量为3％—14％,压溶导致的缩短量为8％—26％,而且压溶作用主要发生在褶皱内弧区。     

Fe—Mn—Co—Cu体系尖晶石的结构和红外辐射特性

采用XRD、SEM／EDAX、IR等测试方法研究了Fe2O3-MnO2-Co2O3-CuO体系的结构及其形成过程，测试了该体系的红外辐射性能，分析了该体系的结构特征与其红外辐射特性的关系。研究结果表明，高温合成过程中过渡金属氧化物形成立方尖晶石固溶体。尖晶石结构的四面体位置主要分布有Fe^3 、Mn^2 、Cu^2 等离子，八面体位置主要被Mn3^ ,Co^3 ,Cu^2 ,Fe^2 ,Fe^3 等离子占据。体系组成的变化对过渡金属离子在四面体位置和八面体位置的分布状况产生影响。由于在四面体位置和八面体位置上均存在多种过渡金属离子，Fe-Mn-Co-Cu体系立方尖晶石固溶体在2．5－25μm波段内具有较高的红外辐射率。     

Retrogressive Microstructures of the Eclogites from the Northern Dabie Mountains, Central China： Evidence for Rapid Exhumation

The ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from the northern Dabie Mountains in central China occurred as tectonic lens or blocks within granitic gneisses or meta-peridotites. Petrologic studies suggest that the studied eclogites experienced strongly retrogressive metamorphism and produced a series of characteristic retrogressive microstructures. The retrograde structures mainly include: (1) oriented needle mineral exsolution, e. g. , quartz needles in Na-clinopyroxene and rotile, clinopyroxene and apatite exsolution in garnet formed under decreasing pressure conditions during exhumation; (2) symplectite, especially, two generations of symplectites developed outside the garnet grains, which are called ““double symplectite““ here; (3) compositional zoning of minerals such as garnet and clinopyroxene; (4) minerals with a reaction rim or retrograde rim, e.g. , omphacite with a diopside rim, diopside with an amphibole rim and rutile with a rim of ilmenite. These retrograde textures, especially mineral zoning and symplectite, provide important petrologic evidence for the exhumation process and uplift of high-grade metamorphic rocks such as eclogite in the northern Dabie Mountains, indicating a rapid exhumation process.     

安徽殿庵山绿松石的宝石学特征研究

安徽省殿庵山地区绿松石属于新近发现的小规模开采的玉石资源。采用电子探针、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、紫外一可见光谱仪等测试方法,重点就该地区绿松石的化学成分、矿物组成、微结构、红外吸收光谱、紫外一可见吸收光谱等特征进行综合对比研究。结果表明,该地区绿松石的化学成分以贫Si、相对富Fe为特征,随着FeOT／CuO比值的递增,绿松石色调由蓝逐渐变绿。该类绿松石以结核状、细脉状产出,主要为微晶和鳞片状结构,部分为放射纤维状结构、团粒状结构及皮壳状结构。该类绿松石孔洞内微晶普遍发育,主要以毛发状、微针状、短柱状及板片状相互交织结晶生长,殿庵山绿松石整体显示风化淋滤型矿床所特有的特征。笔者对绿松石的颜色成因及矿床成因进行初步探讨。     

滇西哀牢山变质杂岩中含石墨岩石的变形-变质温度、构造特征及流变弱化意义

前人研究表明石墨化作用与变质温度具有良好的相关性,同时室内摩擦实验研究认为少量石墨就能够有效地降低断层摩擦阻力,进而被认为对断层弱化起着重要的固体润滑作用而开始受到大家的关注。但是由于技术手段的限制,我们对天然断裂带中含石墨岩石的宏观-微观构造、变形机制、变形-变质环境以及对岩石流变行为的贡献仍然还不是很清楚。本文在详细的野外地质观测的基础上结合室内实验分析,对新生代红河-哀牢山走滑断裂带内哀牢山深变质杂岩东南侧边界发育的含石墨岩石开展了深入的研究。其中主要侧重利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)以及拉曼光谱(Raman Spectra)技术方法和手段,对宏观及显微构造变形行为、石墨拉曼温度、矿物晶格优选定向(LPO)以及其变形-变质环境进行了综合分析。结果表明,含石墨岩石显微构造特征表现为典型的塑性到超塑性流动构造特征,通过石墨拉曼光谱地质温度计,获得了哀牢山杂岩东部边界与上盘未变质岩石接触的含石墨岩石变形-变质的石墨拉曼温度为462～505℃;而靠近深变质岩含石墨岩石的石墨拉曼温度在511～529℃。基质中强烈细粒化的石墨、石英及长石具有明显的晶格...     

南海北部滨珊瑚微结构的SEM分析及其对气候记录重建的意义

造礁珊瑚是重建高分辨率的古气候变化记录的理想载体,而珊瑚骨骼的微结构反映珊瑚的生长特征,了解珊瑚的微结构有助于更好地理解珊瑚的古气候记录。利用扫描电镜分析了南海北部三亚和北海一些中全新世及现代滨珊瑚的微结构。在低放大倍数下(<1 000倍)观察到珊瑚单体、隔壁、隔壁齿、孔洞、隔膜、共骨、横梁等结构。在高放大倍数下(≥1 000倍)观察到具有鹅卵石状、蔟状、柱状及针状4种文石晶体的基本类型及文石晶体组成的钙化中心、隔膜等结构。根据这些基本微结构变化特征,可以清楚分辨出珊瑚死亡-恢复生长界线,并可观察到珊瑚的文石晶体是否受到后期蚀变的影响,例如充填、重结晶等。在所分析的三亚、北海滨珊瑚样品中,冬季最冷及夏季最热时期均没有发现死亡-恢复生长界线,指示持续生长的方式。经过测量,珊瑚隔膜横向延展形成的纹层生长时间约为一个月,这对于利用微区分析建立精细的超过月分辨率的气候记录具有重要意义。微结构显示北海地区的老珊瑚暗层具有较多的杂质充填,结合氧同位素地球化学记录的变化特征,可以发现这些暗层形成于夏季,受高温以及海水强烈扰动而导致生长速率减缓所致。     

基于耳石微结构的黄、渤海蓝点马鲛幼鱼日龄与生长

鱼类的生长是影响群体资源量的要素,研究鱼类的生长规律是开展资源评估工作的基础。本研究依据2016年9–1 0月和2017年8–1 0月在黄渤海采集的当年生蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)幼鱼,通过耳石微结构分析,确定了蓝点马鲛孵化期,建立了生长模型并估算了生长率。结果显示,幼鱼日龄范围为64～151 d,孵化日期为5月3日至6月15日,高峰期集中在5月20日至6月3日。叉长和体质量的生长符合Logistic生长模型。叉长平均绝对生长率和特定生长率分别为2.45 mm/d和0.85%/d,生长率随着日龄增大而小幅度减小。体质量平均绝对生长率和特定生长率分别为5.33 g/d和2.68%/d,最大绝对生长率和最大特定生长率分别出现在111～120 d和91～100 d。本研究表明,蓝点马鲛幼鱼生长随日龄发生变化,早期生长较以往进一步加快。     

A three‐dimensional micromechanically based model

Granular materials react with complicated mechanical responses when subjected to external loading paths. This leads to sophisticated constitutive formulations requiring large numbers of parameters. A powerful and straightforward way consists in developing micro‐mechanical models embedding both micro‐scale and meso‐scale. This paper proposes a 3D micro‐mechanical model taking into account an intermediate scale (meso‐scale) that makes it possible to describe a variety of constitutive features in a natural way. The comparison between experimental tests and numerical simulations reveals the predictive capability of this model. Particularly, several simulations are carried out with different confining pressures and initial void ratios, based on the fact that the critical state is quantitatively described without requiring any critical state formulations and parameter. The model mechanism is also analyzed from a microscopic view, wherein the evolution of some key microscopic parameters is investigated. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.