Reaction‐induced nucleation and growth v. grain coarsening in contact metamorphic,impure carbonates

The understanding of the evolution of microstructures in a metamorphic rock requires insights into the nucleation and growth history of individual grains, as well as the coarsening processes of the entire aggregate. These two processes are compared in impure carbonates from the contact metamorphic aureole of the Adamello pluton (N‐Italy). As a function of increasing distance from the pluton contact, the investigated samples have peak metamorphic temperatures ranging from the stability field of diopside/tremolite down to diagenetic conditions. All samples consist of calcite as the dominant matrix phase, but additionally contain variable amounts of other minerals, the so‐called second phases. These second phases are mostly silicate minerals and can be described in a KCMASHC system (K₂O, CaO, MgO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, H₂O, CO₂), but with variable K/Mg ratios. The modelled and observed metamorphic evolution of these samples are combined with the quantification of the microstructures, i.e. mean grain sizes and crystal size distributions. Growth of the matrix phase and second phases strongly depends on each other owing to coupled grain coarsening. The matrix phase is controlled by the interparticle distances between the second phases, while the second phases need the matrix grain boundary network for mass transfer processes during both grain coarsening and mineral reactions. Interestingly, similar final mean grain sizes of primary second phase and second phases newly formed by nucleation are observed, although the latter formed later but at higher temperatures. Moreover, different kinetic processes, attributed to different driving forces for growth of the newly nucleated grains in comparison with coarsening processes of the pre‐existing phases, must have been involved. Chemically induced driving forces of grain growth during reactions are orders of magnitudes larger compared to surface energy, allowing new reaction products subjected to fast growth rates to attain similar grain sizes as phases which underwent long‐term grain coarsening. In contrast, observed variations in grain size of the same mineral in samples with a similar T–t history indicate that transport properties depend not only on the growth and coarsening kinetics of the second phases but also on the microstructure of the dominant matrix phase during coupled grain coarsening. Resulting microstructural phenomena such as overgrowth and therefore preservation of former stable minerals by the matrix phase may provide new constraints on the temporal variation of microstructures and provide a unique source for the interpretation of the evolution of metamorphic microstructures.     

基于微结构图像的风生微尺度波频率谱初探

利用海面微结构光学测量装置实验获取到的微尺度波图像来给出风生微尺度波的波数谱,在此基础上利用频散关系建立微尺度波波数谱和频率谱之间的关系,最终得到微尺度波频率谱.对微尺度波的频率谱随频率变化的响应进行了研究,发现频率谱与频率的a次方成正比关系,a的值随风速的增加而增加,同一风速下a几乎为定值.     

基于微结构图像的风生微尺度波频率谱初探

利用海面微结构光学测量装置实验获取到的微尺度波图像来给出风生微尺度波的波数谱,在此基础上利用频散关系建立微尺度波波数谱和频率谱之间的关系,最终得到微尺度波频率谱。对微尺度波的频率谱随频率变化的响应进行了研究,发现频率谱与频率的α次方成正比关系,α的值随风速的增加而增加,同一风速下α几乎为定值。     

How useful are ‘millipede’ and other similar porphyroblast microstructures for determining synmetamorphic deformation histories?

ABSTRACT Oppositely concave microfolds (OCMs) in and adjacent to porphyroblasts can be classified into five nongenetic types. Type 1 OCMs are found in sections through porphyroblasts with spiral-shaped inclusion trails cut parallel to the spiral axes, and commonly show closed foliation loops. Type 2 OCMs, commonly referred to as ‘millipede’ microstructure, are highly symmetrical, the foliation folded into OCMs being approximately perpendicular to the overprinting foliation. Type 3 OCMs are similar to Type 2, but are asymmetrical, the foliation folded into OCMs being variably oblique to the overprinting foliation. Type 4 OCMs are highly asymmetrical, only one foliation is present, and this foliation is parallel to the local shear plane. Type 5 OCMs result from porphyroblast growth over a microfold interference pattern. Types 1 and 2 are commonly interpreted as indicating highly noncoaxial and highly coaxial bulk deformation paths, respectively, during porphyroblast growth. However, theoretically they can form by any deformation path intermediate between bulk coaxial shortening and bulk simple shearing. Given particular initial foliation orientation and timing of porphyroblast growth, Type 3 OCMs can also form during these intermediate deformation paths, and are commonly found in the same rocks as Type 2 OCMs. Type 4 OCMs may indicate highly noncoaxial deformation during porphyroblast growth, but may be difficult to distinguish from Type 3 OCMs. Thus, Types 1–3 (and possibly 4) reflect the finite strain state, giving no information about the rotational component of the deformation(s) responsible for their formation. Furthermore, there is a lack of unequivocal independent evidence for the degree of noncoaxiality of deformation (s) during the growth of porphyroblasts containing OCMs. Type 2 OCMs that occur independently of porphyroblasts or other rigid objects might indicate highly coaxial bulk shortening, but there is a lack of supporting physical or computer modelling. It is possible that microstructures in the matrix around OCMs formed during highly noncoaxial and highly coaxial deformation histories might have specific characteristics that allow them to be distinguished from one another. However, determining degrees of noncoaxiality from rock fabrics is a major, longstanding problem in structural geology.     

On failure criteria for anisotropic cohesive‐frictional materials

Anisotropic failure criteria are formulated using two different approaches. The first one employs a spatial distribution of strength parameters and defines the failure condition in terms of traction components acting on the critical plane. The second one incorporates a microstructure tensor and the relevant mixed invariants. Both formulations are illustrated by some numerical examples. In particular, the variation of strength with orientation of the sample is examined for a series of uniaxial compression tests. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用扫描电镜-X射线能谱研究神东矿区砂岩中结构面的微观结构及元素特征

神东矿区砂岩地层中存在大量的结构面,这种结构面的存在会对岩层的力学性能、超声波传播、破坏形式以及力的传递等都有显著的影响,但是结构面的微观结构及元素特征是其主要原因之一。本文以布尔台煤矿、大柳塔煤矿和补连塔煤矿地层砂岩中的结构面为研究对象,采用FEI-SEM扫描电镜和能谱仪对不同类型结构面的微观结构和元素特征进行了研究。结果表明:神东矿区砂岩中的结构面可以分为两大类(Ⅰ_和Ⅱ),其中Ⅰ_类又可以分为三个亚类(Ⅰ_1、Ⅰ_2、Ⅰ_3);Ⅰ_类主要含有煤,Ⅱ类主要含有白云母。Ⅰ_1和Ⅱ类结构面颗粒感不明显,颗粒边界不清晰,Ⅰ_2和Ⅰ_3类结构面颗粒感比较明显,颗粒边界比较清晰。Ⅰ_1、Ⅰ_2、Ⅰ_3和Ⅱ类型结构面的孔隙直径和裂隙长度(#m)分别为2.1、81.8、8.9、38.8、4.5、143.7和3.8、13.8。Ⅰ_1类结构面主要组成元素是C、O、Si、Al、K、Ti和Fe;Ⅰ_2类结构面主要为C;Ⅰ_3类结构面主要为C、O、Si、Al、K和Mg;Ⅱ类结构面的主要元素有C、O、Si、Al、K和Ti。神东矿区地层中结构面主要元素为C和O,两种类型的微观结构存在差异。研究结果有助于进一步揭示神东矿区顶板动力灾害及台阶下沉等现象。     

Skeletal Microstructures of the Chiton Ischnochiton hakodadensis and a Comparison with the Cambrian Halkieria

Halkieria is an Early Cambrian fossil genus with proposed phylogenetic affinities ranging from stem group lophotrochozoan to stem-group aculiferan. Skeletal similarities are often cited as evidence in support of a mollusk interpretation for Halkieria and related Cambrian fossils. The skeletal microstructures of the polyplacophoran mollusk （chiton） Ischnochiton hakodadensis, which bears perinotum elements resembling sclerites of halkieriids and other coeloscleritophoran small shelly fossils （SSFs）, were studied to evaluate the interpretations. There are both similarities and differences between chiton skeletal structures and halkieriid sclerites： 1） the head valve of L hakodadensis and the dorsal shell of Halkieria evangelista share a similar pattern of fine concentric growth lines, but halkieriid dorsal shells lack other polyplacophoran valve characteristics, including V-shaped indentation, radiate ribs; 2） the arrangement of I. hakodadensis perinotum elements in three zones is somewhat similar to the arrangement pattern of halkieriid sclerites; 3） the inner perinotum scales of L hakodadensis （-200 μm in diameter） have a base and a blade, remarkably similar in morphology to halkieriid palmate sclerites （-400 μm in diameter）. However, I. hakodadensis perinotum scales are nearly solid whereas halkieriid sclerites are hollow. These observations add a microstructural dimension to the skeletal comparison between mollusks and halkeriids, and may prove to be useful in resolving the phylogenetic affinity of Halkieria and the Halwaxiidae.     

甘肃文县阳山金矿带显微构造研究

甘肃文县阳山金矿位于西秦岭南亚带,地处中国扬子大陆—华北大陆—松潘甘孜地块三大地块(华北—扬子—松潘)的汇聚转化部位,大地构造背景极为复杂。本次工作着力研究该区显微构造特征,通过显微构造来反映宏观构造。主要研究内容与成果包括:①通过对显微构造特征观察,认为该区构造应变主要为脆—韧性变化,区域构造运动至少可以分为4个期次,与宏观构造所反映的构造期次基本一致;②显微构造运动学分析表明,该区断裂带活动方式有变化,从而造成了剪切方向的不一致;③动力学分析表明,该区域主应力方向为NW—NE,与宏观构造所反映的区域主应力方向一致;动态重结晶法计算古应力差值为20MPa左右,反映为后期剪切作用的差异应力,其构造层次也相对较浅,属于表—浅构造层次。     

昆明红土微观结构特征参数分析

红土的特殊物理力学性质主要是由它的微观结构特征决定的。分析了昆明红土在电子显微镜下的微观结构特征,从经过处理的红土微观结构照片中提取了面积比例、平均周长、最大面积、圆形度、复杂度、定向度和分布分维等定量化参数,并将这些定量化参数与红土的物理力学性质之间建立了联系。     

Quartz and calcite microfabric transitions in a pressure and temperature gradient,Sivrihisar, Turkey

Interlayered quartzite and marble in the southern Sivrihisar Massif, Turkey, record metamorphic conditions ranging from high-pressure/low-temperature through a Barrovian overprint from chlorite- to sillimanite-zone conditions. This sequence was exhumed under transtension, producing macroscopic constrictional fabrics (L-tectonites) during crustal thinning. Quartz microstructures consist of dynamically recrystallized aggregates in the dislocation creep regime dominated by grain boundary migration. Quartz microstructures are relatively constant across the high metamorphic gradient, and crystallographic fabric patterns transition from plane strain to constriction strain. Calcite fabrics are characterized by progressive overprinting of a columnar texture inherited from the high-pressure polymorph aragonite. In the low-temperature Barrovian domain (<400?°C), shearing of calcite rods produced a very strong c-axis point maximum. At moderate temperature, calcite rods were partially to totally recrystallized and the strong preferred orientation maintained. At temperature >500?°C and high constriction strain, marble has no crystallographic fabric, likely reflecting a transition from dislocation creep to diffusion creep. Phengite in high-pressure/low-temperature marble and quartzite yields relatively simple age spectra with Late Cretaceous (88–82 Ma) ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages. Barrovian muscovite records significantly younger ages (63–55 Ma). The transtension system and associated metamorphism may have occurred above a subduction zone in Paleocene–Eocene time as a precursor to intrusion of Eocene (~53 Ma) arc plutons.