三种软体动物闭壳肌-壳界面结构研究

闭壳肌的疤痕部位（AMS）是闭壳肌和壳的固定点。它是一个重要的有机-无机界面和应力分布面。尽管有一些近期的研究进展,我们对AMS组成和结构的了解仍然是有限的。这里,我们研究比较了三种双壳类动物：厚壳贻贝、栉孔扇贝、菲律宾蛤仔的AMS。结果表明这三种动物的AMS明显不同。厚壳贻贝和栉孔扇贝在AMS的壳结构珍珠片层上部有一柱状层,该层在厚壳贻贝中的结构更有规律。菲律宾蛤仔缺乏此柱状层。原子力显微镜结果显示在三种软体动物中AMS的结构比珍珠层结构更光滑。傅立叶变换红外分析结果显示珍珠层和AMS层组成成分略有不同。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳蛋白分离结果显示在厚壳贻贝界面柱状层存在一种约70 kDa的蛋白。对这种蛋白的进一步分析显示其还有较高摩尔比的Asx（Asp+Asn）,Glx（Glu+Gln）和Gly。AMS的特殊结构和组成对其稳定性、粘性以及在该应力分散部位的功能有重要作用。     

MICROSTRUCTURES AND TEMPORAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS DURING A SEA FOG EVENT ALONG THE WEST COAST OF THE TAIWAN STRAIT

Synoptic systems and microphysical properties associated with a sea fog event are analyzed based on the measurements of visibility, meteorological elements and fog droplet spectrum from a comprehensive field campaign in Xiamen, Fujian province during spring 2013. The influences of meteorological elements on the microstructures of the sea fog are also discussed. The results showed that the wind speed and direction changed suddenly during the intermittent and disperse phases of the sea fog. Liquid water content, number concentration and average diameter varied obviously in the development, mature and disperse phases of the sea fog. The burst re-enforcement of sea fog was accompanied by explosive broadening of fog droplet spectrum; average diameter, number concentration and liquid water content increased sharply; and background meteorological conditions also changed significantly. The microstructures fluctuated intensely due to changes in turbulence, radiation and meteorological conditions at different stages, including nucleation, condensation, coagulation, and evaporation, as well as the discontinuity of spatial distribution of droplets.     

一种测量海洋微结构的拖体

本文介绍了一种专为测量海洋微结构而研制的拖体。在测量中最大的问题是拖体的晃动。文中详细叙述了为解决这个问题，研制者在机械设计方面所采取的一系列措施，及其结果。该拖体电路部分的主要特点在文章中也有详尽的介绍。     

养殖牙鲆脑垂体的显微和超微结构观察

应用多种脑垂体组织学染色方法、免疫组织化学和电镜技术对养殖牙鲆脑垂体各个部分的组织结构进行较详细的研究.结果表明,牙鲆脑垂体呈鸡心形,可分为神经垂体和腺垂体两个部分.前者存在两种垂体细胞:颗粒垂体细胞(granular-pi-tuicyte)和纤维垂体细胞(fibrillar-pituicyte).后者又可区分为前腺垂体(RPD)、中腺垂体(PPD)和后腺垂体(PI),根据组织学染色和免疫组织化学识别以及对各种分泌细胞分泌颗粒直径的测定,在腺垂体可鉴别出六种不同形态和功能的内分泌细胞,其中位于RPD的有催乳激素(PRL)细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)细胞和促甲状腺激素(TSH)细胞,各自分泌颗粒的直径分别为150~360nm、120~300nm和125~250nm;PPD有生长激素(GH)细胞、促性腺激素(GTH)细胞,分泌颗粒直径分别为200~400nm和115~400nm,以及TSH细胞;PI只有黑色素细胞刺激素(MSH)细胞,分泌颗粒直径为250~475nm.值得指出的是,在六种内分泌细胞中唯有GTH细胞的胞质存在空泡,这是促性腺激素细胞释放分泌颗粒的标志,也是其重要的生理特征,以此为依据将可为研究牙鲆脑垂体对性腺发育的调节提供形态学依据.同时,本文对其它细胞的特点也进行了讨论,可为鱼类内分泌学研究增添新的资料,对牙鲆人工养殖和繁育的开展有重要的参考价值.     

应力-应变过程中海底沉积物微结构变化对其声速的影响

阐述了对海底沉积物样品在应力-应变过程中进行同步声学测量的实验工具及方法,分析了采自南海45个站位的海底沉积物样品的实验数据资料,结果表明,沉积物颗粒越粗、孔隙越小、无侧限抗压强度越大,声速越高.沉积物样品在受力应变过程中,声速具有明显的随应力而变化的特征.进一步探讨了不同应变阶段沉积物的声学特征以及应力所导致沉积物微结构变化对其声速的影响过程,这一研究将在石油地质测井和海底工程基底稳定性评价等方面具有重要应用意义.     

Second‐order work analysis for granular materials using a multiscale approach

It has been established that the second‐order work criterion is a general necessary condition for all instabilities by divergence in rate‐independent granular materials. The relation between the values of discrete second‐order work at the intergranular contact point level and its global macroscopic value is recalled at the beginning of this paper. Then, the basic purpose of the paper is tackled by an analysis of the main features of second‐order work criterion in relation with the granular microstructure. For that, it is considered a novel micromechanical model (the so‐called ‘H‐microdirectional model’), which has the property to involve three scales: grain scale, mesoscale with a specific granular configuration and continuum mechanics macroscale. Eventually, these exhibited features (a bifurcation stress domain and some instability cones) are qualitatively compared with the ones provided by direct numerical simulations issued from a discrete element model. The ultimate goal is to analyse what happens at the granular scale, when the macrosecond‐order work is vanishing at the macrolevel. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical computations of rock dissolution and geomechanical effects for CO2 geological storage

The paper is motivated by the long‐term safety analysis of the CO₂ geological storage. We present a methodology for the assessment of the geomechanical impact of progressive rock dissolution. The method is based on the use of X‐ray tomography and the numerical dissolution technique. The influence of evolution of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the rock is analysed by using periodic homogenization method. The numerical computations show progressive degradation of all components of the stiffness (orthotropic) tensor. Moreover, the evolution of associated mass transfer properties (as tortuosity and conductivity tensors), by using the periodic homogenization method, is also calculated. The correlation between the mechanical parameters and the transfer properties during the dissolution process is presented. The results show that the highest increase of the hydraulic conductivity (in direction Y) is not associated with the highest decrease of Young modulus in this direction. Moreover, the highest decrease of Young modulus (in the direction X) is not associated with percolation in this direction. Finally, an incremental law to calculate settlement, in case of a rock with evolving microstructure, is proposed. The solution of the macroscopic settlement problem under constant stress and drained conditions showed that the geomechanical effects of the rock dissolution are rather limited. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A note on the generation of periodic granular microstructures based on grain size distributions

This short communication discusses an algorithm suited for the generation of periodic microstructures of granular media. Its particular features are a user‐defined grain size distribution, a representative volume element which is intrinsically periodic ab initio and a user‐defined termination criterion, controlled by an increase of volume fraction. For low densities our particle packings resemble fluids or gases, while we aim to reach for rather dense particle packings, similar to granular solids. The generated microstructures can thus be readily incorporated into large multiscale simulations, e.g. on the integration point level of a finite element analysis of a particular sand or concrete. The individual grain size distribution of the granular medium is incorporated through the introduction of different growth rates governing the final particle size distribution. We briefly sketch the generation of the representative volume element within a serial event‐driven scheme and demonstrate how periodic boundary conditions are ensured throughout the representative volume element generation process. The potential of the suggested algorithm will be illustrated through the generation of two different periodic multi‐disperse microstructures. They are based on different given grain size distributions, one for a quartz sand with a low non‐uniformity index and one for concrete aggregates classified as A32 by the German standard norm DIN 1045 to have a rather large variation in grain size. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.