Application of change detection techniques in geomorphological evolution of coastal areas. Example: Mouth of the River Ebro (period 1957–2013)

This study aims to test the effectiveness of the changes detection techniques to determine the evolution of the various geomorphological units identified in Ebro River mouth, in order to establish their evolutionary trends and to explain the changes between 1957 and 2013 years. To evaluate the most significant changes in the Ebro River mouth, the different geomorphological units present in the area were obtained by interpretation of aerial imagery. It has been noted that the period 1957–1984 was more dynamic and intense than the period 1984–2013, indicating a loss of capacity of the processes causing changes, and the shoreline is evolving toward a more stable morphology. It was determined that the most important processes that took place were mainly marine erosion processes and anthropogenic expansion. On the characterization in the entire period studied, it was determined that growth or decrease processes (net change) are as relevant in the region as processes which include location changes (swap). The change analysis methodology allows analyzing the evolution of coastal geomorphology, since it allows the determination and characterization of the principal transitions amongst the identified geomorphological units, and, therefore, to obtain the main processes that dominate the area, which is particularly relevant on highly vulnerable environments, such as coastal deltaic areas.     

粤西水东湾现代沉积环境特征与泥沙搬运路径

对粤西水东湾沉积地貌单元的现代沉积物分布特征分析与泥沙净搬运矢量计算表明，滨面斜坡沉积物主要由砂粒级物质组成，粒级参数Ｍｄ，ＱＤ和ＳＫ具有从海向岸、自东向西变化的总趋势，泥沙净搬运趋势以向岸和西北为主。落潮三角洲沉积物较其邻近滨面斜坡有所粗化，分选从中部向两侧变好，泥沙在落潮流与波浪驱动下沿落潮三角洲边缘向西运动。口门内潮汐通道深槽泥沙净搬运趋势指向湖。湖区的沉积物以泥质为主，分选中等至差，并形成绕涨潮三角洲的泥沙环流元。     

Investigating cross-contamination of aquifers

Shallow aquifers can cross-contaminate deeper aquifers through penetration of an intervening aquitard, via sandy intervals in the aquitard, along well casings, across long well screens, or around aquitard pinchouts. Distinguishing among these potential pathways requires the use of evaluation tools that may support or eliminate certain pathways. These tools include groundwater gradient and aquitard penetration calculations, aquifer pumping test interpretation techniques, chemical concentration plots and statistical methods, hydraulic conductivity-based travel time calculations, pumping-concentration tests, methods for evaluating leaky wells, and methods for evaluating aquitard continuity. Based on analysis of several of these techniques at three sites experiencing aquifer cross-contamination, the authors conclude that calculation of flow rates for various pathways is the single most useful method to confirm or refute specific pathways. Evaluation of leaky wells and aquitard continuity generally must be coupled with other tools to adequately test specific pathways. While fingerprinting, statistical analysis or ratio analysis of contaminants from various sources and receptors was not completed for any of the evaluated sites, the authors believe that these techniques have strong potential for confirming or eliminating pathways. Future research in this area is suggested. Furthermore, the interpretation of pumping-concentration tests is not well developed and needs further assessment.

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Resumen Acuíferos someros pueden ocasionar contaminación transversal de acuíferos profundos mediante la penetración de un acuitardo intermedio, a través de intervalos arenosos en el acuitardo, a lo largo del revestimiento de pozos, o en las inmediaciones de lentes de acuitardos. Para distinguir entre estas trayectorias potenciales se requiere el uso de herramientas de evaluación que pueden apoyar o eliminar ciertas trayectorias. Estas herramientas incluyen cálculos de gradientes de agua subterránea y penetración de acuitardos, técnicas de interpretación de pruebas de bombeo de acuíferos, diagramas de concentración química y métodos estadísticos, estimaciones de conductividad hidráulica en base al tiempo de viaje, pruebas de concentración de bombeo, métodos para evaluar pozos con fugas, y métodos para evaluar la continuidad de acuitardos. Basándose en el análisis de varias de estas técnicas en tres sitios que experimentan contaminación transversal de acuíferos, los autores concluyen que la estimación de ritmos de flujo para varias trayectorias es el único método más útil para confirmar o rechazar trayectorias de flujo específicas. La evaluación de pozos con fugas y continuidad de acuitardos generalmente debe estar acompañada con otras herramientas para probar adecuadamente trayectorias específicas. Aunque no se completó para ninguno de los sitios evaluados técnicas de huellas, análisis estadístico o análisis de relaciones de contaminantes de varias fuentes y receptores, los autores creen que estas técnicas tienen fuerte potencial en la confirmación o eliminación de trayectorias. Se sugiere investigación futura en esta área. Además, la interpretación de pruebas de concentración de bombeo no se ha desarrollado bien y necesita evaluación posterior.

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Résumé Les aquifères de surface peuvent contaminer les aquifères plus profonds à travers un aquitard, un intersection sableuse dans laquitard, le long des forages et de leur crépines, ou de la terminaison biseautée des aquitards. Distinguer et sélectionner ces différents modes de contamination nécessite lutilisation doutils dévaluation. Ces outils incluent le gradient découlement des eaux souterraines et le calcul de pénétration des aquitards, les techniques dinterprétation des essais de pompage, les méthodes dinterprétation chimiques et de traitement statistique, les calculs des temps de transferts sur base de la conductivité, les tests de pompage couplé aux analyses de concentration, les méthodes pour évaluer linfiltration directe alimentant les forages, et les méthodes permettant dévaluer la continuité des aquitards. Basé sur lanalyse de plusieurs de ces techniques sur trois sites expérimentales présentant des contaminations transversale, les auteurs concluent que le calcul des rapports découlement est la méthode la plus simple pour confirmer ou refuser les voies spécifiques. Alors que le traçage, les analyses statistiques et les analyses de la contamination provenant de différentes sources et récepteurs nétait pas complètes pour la plus part des différents sites évalués nétaient pas compléments certains, les auteurs croient que ces techniques ont un potentiel fort pour confirmer ou éliminer ces techniques. Des recherches futures dans cette zone est suggérée. Par ailleurs, linterprétation des tests de pompage couplés à lanalyse des concentrations nest pas développée et nécessite de meilleurs estimations.

     

深化认识,积极推动地勘单位企业化

地勘单位的企业化演变,是随着国家体制改革的不断深化而发展的,是一个渐进的过程.概略地分析了地勘单位50年来不同发展阶段的特点及其规律,指出只有认清其发展规律,才能把握住工作的方针和策略,适时地、有步骤地推出改革措施,解决实际问题.论述了生产要素的合理配置,是发展产业经济的关键;适度规模经济、发掘多种资源潜力是发展地勘产业经济的重要措施.     

Evaluation of heterogeneity and field-scale groundwater flow regime in a leaky till aquitard

Recent work in southern Ontario, Canada, demonstrates anomalously high vertical groundwater flow velocities (>1 m/year) through a thick (as much as 60 m), sandy silt till aquitard (Northern till), previously assumed to be of very low permeability (hydraulic conductivity <10^–10 m/s). Rapid recharge is attributed to the presence of fractures and sedimentary heterogeneities within the till, but the field-scale flow regime is poorly understood. This study identifies the nature of physical groundwater pathways through the till and provides estimates of the associated groundwater fluxes. The aquitard groundwater flow system is characterized by integrating details of the outcrop and subsurface sedimentary characteristics of the till with field-based hydrogeologic investigation and numerical modeling. Outcrop and subsurface data identify a composite internal aquitard stratigraphy consisting of tabular till beds (till elements) separated by laterally continuous sheet-like sands and gravels (interbeds) and boulder pavements. Individual till elements contain sedimentary heterogeneities, including discontinuous sand and gravel lenses, vertical sand dikes, and zones of horizontal and vertical fractures. Hydrogeologic field investigations indicate a three-layer aquitard flow system, consisting of upper and lower zones of more hydraulically active and heterogeneous till separated by a middle unit of relatively lower hydraulic conductivity. Groundwater pathways and fluxes in the till were evaluated using a two-dimensional aquitard/aquifer flow model which indicates a step-wise flow mechanism whereby groundwater moves alternately downward along vertical pathways (fractures, sedimentary dikes) and laterally along horizontal sand interbeds within the till. This model is consistent with observed hydraulic-head and isotope profiles, and the presence of tritiated pore waters at various depths throughout the till. Simulations suggest that a bulk aquitard vertical hydraulic conductivity on the order of 1×10^–9 m/s is required to reproduce observed hydraulic-head and tritium profiles. Electronic Publication     

桂东超单元花岗岩各单元特征及其归属探讨

通过对桂东超单元各单元特征的对比,我们认为桂东超单元包括了两类不同地质、岩石、矿物学及地球化学特征的花岗岩,进而探讨了这两类花岗岩的成因及其形成构造环境,得出牛塘、三洞两单元为1型花岗岩,形成于板块碰撞的环境,大塘、寨前、子公坑、五峰仙单元为S型花岗岩,形成于陆一陆同碰环境。建议将牛塘、三洞两单元建立桂东序列,其余四单元归属江西汤湖超单元。