青藏高原东北缘壳幔过渡带研究

利用穿过青藏高原东北缘的两条地震测深剖面提供的PMP波形资料，研究了该区不同构造单元壳幔过渡带的复杂性、频谱特征和速度模型．结果表明, 鄂尔多斯盆地和陵中盆地Moho具有稳定的构造特征，壳幔耦合为简单的一级间断面；海原地震区和巴颜喀拉地块与柴达木地块结合带莫霍面具有明显的活动迹象，壳幔耦合为复杂的高、低速相间的多层壳幔过渡带，总厚度达到20多千米．不同构造单元的莫霍面差异性反映了研究区壳幔耦合层的非均匀特征；海原地震区和玛沁断裂壳幔过渡带的细结构差异, 则反映了两个陆 陆碰撞带不同的深部物质结构与地块之间的相互作用结果．      

TTS系统中基于双音素的基元选择方法

为寻示能较好解决音节内和音节间的协同发音单元方案，提出了采用类似英文语转换系统中使用的双音素作为合成单元方案，并根据普通话音中只包含410个音节特点，进一步完善了双音素在汉语中的应用。试验结果表明，该方案包含了连续语流中的所有过渡音征，使合成语音转接流畅、自然。     

黄河流域文物保护单位空间分布特征及其影响因素

文物保护单位是历史时期区域科技、文化、生产、生活等信息的反映载体。运用核密度估算、最近邻指数、标准差椭圆等方法对黄河流域2 078处国家重点文保单位的空间密度、集散与方向特征给予分析,并运用地理探测器模型探索得出其空间分布的影响因素与交互作用。结果表明：（1）空间密度上,文保单位在黄河流域整体上呈现东密西疏、连片分布的空间特征,核心区数量由史前时期到近代以来呈现波动变化的发展趋势。（2）集散类型上,文保单位的最近临指数为0.38,属于集聚型分布类型。（3）方向特征上,文保单位在黄河流域多呈现东北—西南方向分布,但魏晋南北朝时期旋转角为89.85°,东西横向特征最明显。标准差椭圆重心整体上位于山西省运城市稷山县境内,但从史前时期到近代以来重心轨迹呈现西南—东北往复移动以及山西—陕西交替变化的特征。（4）文化事业经费、河网密度、年末人口数、非遗项目数量和A级景区数量均是黄河流域文保单位空间分布的主导因素,此外,影响因素两两交互作用后多表现出非线性增强或双因子增强型关系,与独立作用时相比更具有空间分布的解释力。     

Hydrological modelling of temporally-varying catchments: facets of change and the value of information

Abstract

River basins are by definition temporally-varying systems: changes are apparent at every temporal scale, in terms of changing meteorological inputs and catchment characteristics due to inherently uncertain natural processes and anthropogenic interventions. In an operational context, the ultimate goal of hydrological modelling is predicting responses of the basin under conditions that are similar or different to those observed in the past. Since water management studies require that anthropogenic effects are considered known and a long hypothetical period is simulated, the combined use of stochastic models, for generating the inputs, and deterministic models that also represent the human interventions in modified basins, is found to be a powerful approach for providing realistic and statistically consistent simulations (in terms of product moments and correlations, at multiple time scales, and long-term persistence). The proposed framework is investigated on the Ferson Creek basin (USA) that exhibits significantly growing urbanization during the last 30 years. Alternative deterministic modelling options include a lumped water balance model with one time-varying parameter and a semi-distributed scheme based on the concept of hydrological response units. Model inputs and errors are respectively represented through linear and nonlinear stochastic models. The resulting nonlinear stochastic framework maximizes the exploitation of the existing information by taking advantage of the calibration protocol used in this issue.     

中国东北地区赋煤构造单元与控煤特征

中国东北地区赋煤构造是在太平洋地球动力学体系影响下形成的一系列NE—NNE向断陷盆地,目前对本区赋煤构造单元划分尚未形成统一认识。根据东北地区含煤岩系赋存特征,将东北赋煤构造单元划分为三级体系,即:东北赋煤构造区—3个赋煤构造亚区—11个赋煤构造带。以地球动力学理论为基础,以构造控煤特征为研究主线,探讨了三级赋煤构造单元的基本控煤特征。该项研究对煤炭资源评价和勘查具有重要意义。      

An integrated approach for investigating geomorphic response to extreme events: methodological framework and application to the October 2011 flood in the Magra River catchment,Italy

A high‐magnitude flash flood, which took place on 25 October 2011 in the Magra River catchment (1717 km²), central‐northern Italy, is used to illustrate some aspects of the geomorphic response to the flood. An overall methodological framework is described for using interlinked observations and analyses of the geomorphic impacts of an extreme event. The following methods and analyses were carried out: (i) hydrological and hydraulic analysis of the event; (ii) sediment delivery by event landslide mapping; (iii) identification and estimation of wood recruitment, deposition, and budgeting; (iv) interpretation of morphological processes by analysing fluvial deposits; (v) remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of channel width changes. In response to the high‐magnitude hydrological event, a large number of landslides occurred, consisting of earth flows, soil slips, and translational slides, and a large quantity of wood was recruited, in most part deriving from floodplain erosion caused by bank retreat and channel widening. The most important impact of the flood event within the valley floor was an impressive widening of the overall channel bed and the reactivation of wide portions of the pre‐event floodplain. Along the investigated (unconfined or partly confined) streams (total investigated length of 93.5 km), the channel width after the flood was up to about 20 times the channel width before the event. The study has shown that a synergic use of different methods and types of evidence provides fundamental information for characterizing and understanding the geomorphic effects of intense flood events. The prediction of geomorphic response to a flood event is still challenging and many limitations exist; however a robust geomorphological analysis can contribute to the identification of the most critical reaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of lithostratigraphy on the retreat of an unconsolidated sedimentary coastal cliff (St. Lawrence estuary,eastern Canada)

This paper investigates the processes involved in unconsolidated cliff recession using LiDAR surveys (2005, 2010 and 2013) and aerial photographs (1964–2012) at Pointe‐au‐Bouleau, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence estuary, in eastern Canada. The high lithostratigraphic variability of the sediments allowed for the identification of stratigraphic and lithological variables that explain the evolution of coastal cliffs. Space‐for‐time substitution was also used to assess how lithostratigraphy controls the evolution of emerged glaciomarine coastal cliffs over decadal to centennial timescales. This case study presents new quantitative data that contributes to a better understanding of the role of sediment architecture, stratigraphy and geomorphology on coastal evolution. The methodological approach includes the development of a new conceptual model suitable for identifying erosion on cliff coastlines. The high spatial resolution methodology (<5 cm) used herein demonstrates the need for further research using LiDAR data in order to quantify the processes involved in the evolution of coastal cliffs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

科尔沁沙地沙丘生境单元凋落物运移特征

通过测定科尔沁沙地沙丘生境单元凋落物的运移量,分析了沙丘类型和生境变化对凋落物运移的影响,并探讨了是否可以通过凋落物运移量的变化来判断营养物质的迁移。结果表明:科尔沁沙地沙丘凋落物的运移过程主要发生在非生长季,呈明显的单峰型季节波动。凋落物运移量在不同沙丘的丘间地、迎风坡、丘顶和背风坡均表现出明显的空间差异性,丘顶的凋落物运移量最大,迎风坡次之,丘间地和背风坡相对较小。凋落物运移量有随距地表高度增加而下降的趋势,距地表高度为0~25 cm时,凋落物运移量最大,显著高于25~50、50~75、75~100 cm 3个高度区间。凋落物运移量与风速在流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘均呈显著的二次曲线正相关,显示风速是影响凋落物运移量动态变化的重要因素。     

松辽盆地白垩系营城组火山岩孔缝单元类型和特征

目前火山岩储层评价的主要依据是储集空间类型和孔渗参数,但储集空间类型与物性参数之间的关系尚不明确。为此,依据松辽盆地全取心井(营一D1井和营三D1井)开展营城组火山岩孔缝单元类型研究及其与孔渗参数关系的分析,取得如下主要认识。首先,研究区火山岩主要发育5种原生孔隙、3种次生孔隙、3种原生裂缝和3种次生裂缝;根据发育过程、分布排列特征的相似性,把储集空间归并为7种孔隙类和2种裂缝类;将上述孔隙类与裂缝类划分为7种组合类型,即7型孔缝单元,分别为①型离散气孔类-次生裂缝类组合型、②型定向气孔类-脱玻化类-次生裂缝类组合型、③型离散粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类组合型、④型离散粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类-原生裂缝类组合型、⑤型离散粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类-次生裂缝类组合型、⑥型定向粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类-次生裂缝类组合型和⑦型裂缝类组合型。其次,对比按孔隙单元拟合孔渗关系与按整体拟合孔渗关系的函数斜率,7型孔缝单元可划分为3组,即,略低于总体拟合函数(A组)的①型和②型孔缝单元,略高于总体拟合函数(B组)的③型、④型、⑤型和⑥型孔缝单元,远远高于总体拟合函数(C组)的⑦型孔缝单元。第三,除②型单元和⑦型单元之外的其他5型单元的储层物性较好;各型孔缝单元的孔喉分选系数随孔喉半径均值增大而增大,储层非均质性变强;多数孔缝单元具有复杂的岩性-岩相组合;孔缝单元分布与火山机构类型和相带关系密切。第四,依据孔缝单元的孔渗条件和孔渗相关拟合函数可知,应该依据孔缝单元进行储层评价分析,即使赋存于相同岩性的①型、②型单元也需要分别对待。     

辫状河致密砂岩储层构型单元定量表征方法

针对现有辫状河储层构型单元定量表征方法关键参数获取困难且可靠性存疑的问题,以储层构型理论为指导,基于现代辫状河沉积、钻井岩心、录井和测井等资料,提出了基于单一辫状河道宽度的构型单元定量表征方法。首先,根据单井构型单元解释结果,确定同期辫状河道平面分布;其次,根据连井对比剖面,确定连井剖面内单一辫状河道间的界线位置;再次,根据现代辫状河单一辫状河道宽度与构型单元关系定量模型,限定辫状水道宽度、复合心滩长度及宽度等4级构型单元规模;最后,在单一辫状河道内确定4级构型单元平面分布,进而在密集井网区对复合心滩进行解剖,确定单个心滩位置和几何形态。采用该方法对苏××提高采收率试验区盒₈^下_1-3单层辫状河致密砂岩气藏进行了分析,结果表明：该单层砂岩气藏发育5条单一辫状河道,其宽度为1 050~1 890 m;辫状水道宽度为234~435 m;复合心滩长度和宽度分别为1 931~3 569 m、685~1 242 m;单个心滩长度和宽度分别为660~1 880 m、310~1 030 m。