铁锰氧化物对苯酚氧化降解的实验研究

为了考察铁锰氧化物对酚类污染物的氧化降解能力,采用天然以及合成的铁锰氧化物对苯酚的氧化降解进行对比实验研究.土壤中铁锰氧化物样品分别为天然针铁矿及氧化锰,合成铁锰氧化物样品分别为合成针铁矿及软锰矿.结果表明:苯酚与铁锰氧化物发生氧化还原作用时,还可能与土壤中杂质发生吸附等作用;铁锰氧化物还原反应强度随着反应介质pH值的...     

基于RS和GIS的唐山沿海地区湿地结构动态监测

利用历史资料和Landsat TM卫星遥感图像,研究了唐山市沿海地区湿地结构自上世纪80年代以来的演变特征,着重对1987~2004年陡河——滦河之间的湿地结构类型进行了识别,绘制了不同时期的湿地面积解译图。利用Mapinfo制图软件计算出两个时期的面积转化矩阵,对该区主要湿地类型浅海水域、滩涂、芦苇沼泽、水稻田、养殖场、盐田等湿地的面积进行了年份比较,从而分析得出唐山市沿海湿地结构从80年代至今以来破碎化加重,应该加强湿地结构的动态监测。     

Evidence for microbiological manganese oxidation in the river Tamar Estuary, South West England

Water samples from the Tamar Estuary oxidized manganese when supplemented with Mn²⁺ (2 mgl⁻¹). The rates of oxidation were depressed in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors. The effect of Mn²⁺ and temperature on the rate of manganese oxidation suggested that a biological process was largely responsible for converting Mn²⁺ to Mn⁴⁺. Rates of manganese oxidation were much higher in freshwater (3·32 μgl⁻¹ h⁻¹ in water containing 30 mgl⁻¹ of suspended matter) than in saline water (0·7 μgl⁻¹ h⁻¹ in water of salinity 32‰) containing the same amount of particulate matter. The rate of manganese oxidation was proportional to the particulate load (up to 100 mgl⁻¹ particulates).     

细菌、病毒与浮游植物相互关系及其对海洋地球化学循环的作用

本文综述了近年来国内外在海洋地球化学循环，特别是微生物环研究方面的发展现状，探讨了浮游植物，细菌，病毒相互之间的关系及其对海洋地球化学循环的影响。     

海洋中的烃及其迁移和衰变

对海洋中有关烃类的研究工作进行回顾和总结，分别介绍海洋中烃的来源，迁移和衰变及石油对海洋的污染。     

The Fauna of Floating Cyanobacterial Mats in the Oligohaline Eulittoral Zone off Hiddensee (South-west Coast of the Baltic Sea)

Abstract. The fauna — including macrofauna, meiofauna, and large ciliates — of floating cyanobacterial mats in a brackish shallow-water area was studied by analysing six 20 cm² pieces of mat. Although these microbial aggregations were scarcely 1 cm thick, their total meiofauna abundance was about five times as high as in the uppermost 4 cm of the adjacent sediment. The mat fauna was dominated by harpacticoids, although large ciliates, rotifers, nematodes, and oligochaetes were also markedly more abundant than in the sediment. All species occurring in the mats were members of the surrounding sediment fauna. Out of the 47 species found, only a few, among them predominantly the harpacticoid, Mesochra lilljeborgi B oeck , 1864, and the nematode Daptonema setosum ( bütschli , 1874), accounted for the majority of the individual abundance in the mats. Both are regularly found in sulphidic biotopes near Hiddensee. As SEM micrographs revealed, the oligochaete Paranais litoralis (O. F. M üller , 1788) and the harpacticoid Cletocamptus confluens (Schmeil, 1894) were apparently optimal substrates for dense lawns of cyanobacteria. This indicates possible close interactions between the meiofauna and these microbiota. The frequent predation of histophagous ciliates on nematodes and harpacticoids, which were probably weakened by oxygen deficiency and/or high sulphide concentrations, were not only a sign of a generally neglected pathway in the food chain, but also impressively emphasized the huge variety of interactions taking place between meio- and microfauna within this specific benthic microcosm. Because of their floating character, the mats can play an important role in the dispersal of benthic fauna.     

中国南极长城站室内空气微生物含量七年前后的比较

中国南极长城站室内空气微生物含量的考察结果表明,七年后,虽然一些室内空气微生物含量有所下降,即空气质量有所改善,但总体来看,略是上升势。与友邻科考站相比,长城站的多少有点偏高。也比非南极的较高纬度的某些室内空气微生物含量高。结果意味着长城站尚有提高空气质量、改善环境状况的余地。     

深海来源芳烃类降解菌筛选与盐单胞菌芘降解能力测定

海洋来源的菌株在高盐污水类修复处理中有重要的应用前景,而烃类物质是污水中的重要组成部分,其中含有多个苯环的芳香烃族化合物,对人类和环境具有较大的毒性,而目前关于多环芳烃(PAHs)厌氧代谢的相关报道相对较少。本研究以PAHs(萘、菲和芘等)为唯一碳源和能源,通过厌氧富集对太平洋深海沉积物中的PAHs降解菌展开研究。富集物细菌菌群分析结果表明,盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、海旋菌属(Thalassospira)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)、海洋杆菌属(Oceanobacter)和食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)等是主要的功能类群;其中盐单胞菌属是最主要的功能类群。通过筛选分离获得一高效烃降解盐单胞菌株,鉴定并命名为泰坦尼克盐单胞菌(Halomonas titanicae) PA16-9,该菌与模式菌株Halomonas titanicae BH1^T的16S rRNA相似性为99.52%。基于16S rRNA基因序列比对搜寻NCBI数据库,发现Halomonas titanicae广泛存在于废水、活性污泥、油田、湿地等有机质复杂区域,生态位分布极广,可...     

过硫酸氢钾复合物对对虾养殖底泥硝化作用、氨氧化微生物丰度和群落结构的影响

采用在模拟池塘中投放过硫酸氢钾复合物（KMPS）进行对比实验的方法,探究KMPS对养殖底质硝化作用的影响。通过对氨氮和亚硝态氮含量的检测,探究对不同时期氮素转化的影响,低频率高剂量投放组中的氨氮和亚硝态氮含量显著降低,而高频率低剂量组中氨氮和亚硝态氮的含量显著上升。高频率低剂量KMPS的投放使氨氧化古菌（AOA）和氨氧化细菌（AOB）丰度降低,而低频率高剂量KMPS的投放不会造成丰度降低,而且还表现出部分时期AOB丰度的上升。进一步对群落结构进行分析发现KMPS的投放使AOA群落中Nitrosopumilu属相对丰度降低,Nitrososphaera属的相对丰度上升,这种相对丰度的变化与KMPS的投放方式无关;但AOB群落受到KMPS投放方式的影响,低频率高剂量的KMPS投放下AOB群落优势属相对丰度显著提高。以上结果均说明低频率高剂量KMPS的投放起到了促进底质硝化作用的效果。同时,可为KMPS用于对虾养殖池塘底质改良开辟一个新的途径。     

南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中有机质的分布和降解状态的差异

利用气相色谱法对南海北部和海南岛附近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃(n-alkanes)和脂肪酸进行测定和分析,结合粒径、比表面积(specific surface area,SSA)、有机碳(OC%)、碳稳定同位素(δ~(13)C)等参数研究有机物来源和降解状态,并对其影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:沉积物主要以粉砂为主,平均粒径分布范围在10.97—517.21μm之间,选取的16个站位的比表面积平均值为8.05m~2/g,最大值是S23站位的24.46m~2/g,最小值是S29站位的1.73m~2/g,OC%含量在0.15—1.18之间,δ~(13)C值为–23.05‰—–21.24‰。沉积物中正构烷烃碳链的分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(33),低碳数峰群以nC_(16)、nC_(18)为主峰碳且具有偶碳数优势,高碳数峰群以nC_(29)为主峰碳。脂肪酸的碳数分布范围是nC_(14)—nC_(30),低碳数单峰型分布,短链饱和脂肪酸(short chain saturated fatty acids,SCSFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA)的含量占总脂肪酸含量的70%以上,长链饱和脂肪酸(long chain saturated fatty acids,LCSFA)的含量不到10%,据此说明这两个区域有机质均以海源输入为主。在有机物保存和降解方面,海南岛附近海域有机质载荷(OC/SSA)和δ~(13)C之间的正相关,表现了良好的陆源和海源的有机物更替,但是珠江口附近海域系列样品却未见相似过程。不仅在物源更替方面,在有机质降解特征上珠江口附近海域中的有机物与海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区也有很大的差别。海南岛附近海域和南海陆架深水区有机质的降解符合一般规律,随着水深的增加降解程度逐渐变大,然而珠江口附近海域随着水深的增加有机质却越来越"新鲜"。结合前人对珠江口附近海域黏土矿物组成的研究,本文认为珠江口附近海域沉积物中有机质之所以会出现上述"异常"可能是因为该研究区域黏土矿物对有机质选择性吸附所导致。