基于电子探针面扫描定量化的石英闪长岩微区成分分析

岩石的微区成分特征是精细化反演岩石演化的重要依据,而常规的电子探针面扫描分析方法无法提供面扫描区域的定量分析结果.本文使用矿物分布相对均匀的代表性岩石样品开展了岩石薄片的面扫描和矿物的定量分析.通过对常规测试的主量元素的面扫描进行图像校正,并利用ZAF校正后的点分析数据与面扫描图像的灰度值进行最小二乘法曲线拟合的方式,...     

Major- and trace-element characterization, expanded distribution, and a new chronology for the latest Pleistocene Glacier Peak tephras in western North America

The Glacier Peak tephra beds are among the most widespread and arguably some of the most important late Pleistocene chronostratigraphic markers in western North America. These beds represent a series of closely-spaced Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions from Glacier Peak, Washington. The two most widespread beds, Glacier Peak ‘G’ and ‘B’, are reliably distinguished by their glass major and trace element abundances. These beds are also more broadly distributed than previously considered, covering at least 550,000 and 260,000 km², respectively. A third bed, the Irvine bed, known only from southern Alberta, is similar in its major-element composition to the Glacier Peak G bed, but it shows considerable differences in trace element concentrations. The Irvine bed is likely considerably older than the G and B tephras and probably records an additional Plinian eruption, perhaps also from Glacier Peak but from a different magma than G through B. A review of the published radiocarbon ages, new ages in this study, and consideration in a Bayesian framework suggest that the widespread G and B beds are several hundred years older than widely assumed. Our revised age is about 11,600 ¹⁴C yr BP or a calibrated age (at 2 sigma) of 13,710-13,410 cal yr BP.     

现代微区测试技术在确定宝玉石产地来源中的应用及其研究进展

宝玉石产地来源的研究是近几年地质学、宝石学和考古学界的热门话题之一。一方面,不同产地来源的宝玉石可能具有不同的品质特征及经济价值,其研究有助于珠宝首饰价值的判断,为各国海关执法提供技术支持;另一方面,古代宝玉石产地的确定对了解古代宝玉石的开采与古代科技的发展水平及不同区域的文化交流均具有重要意义。在总结前人研究成果的基础上,结合现代微区测试技术的最新研究成果,从微量元素、包裹体以及同位素分析等方面探讨总结了微区测试技术在确定宝玉石产地来源研究中的应用。当前的研究结果显示,不同的技术方法对确定宝玉石的产地来源均有一定的意义,但宝玉石产地来源的最终确定往往需要依赖更大范围和更深入地对宝石矿床的地球化学进行多技术手段的交叉分析。显然,确定各种不同类型宝玉石产地来源的标型特征及建立相关重要宝石产地的地球化学数据库,是最终解决宝玉石产地来源鉴定问题的关键。     

冈底斯成矿带西段鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿床的成矿 物质来源研究

西藏措勤县鲁尔玛铜(金)矿床为冈底斯成矿带西段新发现的斑岩型矿床,位于中拉萨微陆块的西部,矿体主要呈脉状和不规则状产于含矿斑岩顶部和接触带,矿床形成于晚三叠世(213 Ma)。文章通过研究主成矿阶段硫化物的S-Pb同位素组成特征,并与晚三叠世含矿斑岩体Pb同位素组成进行对比,发现共生硫化物δ34SV-CDT值变化范围较窄(δ34SV-CDT=-2.38‰～1.75‰,极差为4.13‰,均值为-0.64‰),具有深源硫(地幔或下地壳)的特征;共生硫化物(黄铁矿、黄铜矿和毒砂等)Pb同位素(n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)、n(207Pb)/n(204Pb)、n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)分别为18.450～18.903、15.602～15.669、38.637～39.424)和晚三叠世含矿斑岩的Pb同位素(n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)、n(207Pb)/n(204Pb)、n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)分别为18.845～19.560、15.634～15.689、39.273～40.211)具有一致的线性演化曲线,显示出壳幔混合的特征,暗示鲁尔玛铜(金)矿的铅来自于晚三叠世的岩浆活动。研究认为,鲁尔玛铜(金)矿床形成于晚三叠世新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲的环境,成矿物质应源于新生地壳熔融形成的中酸性岩浆。     

Hafnium Isotope Characteristics of Palaeoarchaean Zircon OG1/OGC from the Owens Gully Diorite,Pilbara Craton,Western Australia

We report Hf isotope data for 3467 Ma igneous zircons from the Owens Gully Diorite of the Pilbara Craton. These zircons, designated OG1 or OGC, have simple, well‐defined U‐Pb age systematics. Measurements obtained by single crystal dissolution yield a moderate range in ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf (mean 0.280633 ± 34) and ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf (mean 0.00119) that translate into initial (3467 Ma) ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf values that are equivalent within measurement uncertainty (mean 0.280554 ± 7, ε_Hf = +0.6 ± 0.2, 2s). Laser ablation analysis yielded clustered initial ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios (mean 0.280560 ± 20, 2s) indistinguishable from those obtained by solution analysis. The antiquity and moderately high ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf of these zircons result in significant corrections for radiogenic ingrowth of ¹⁷⁶Hf (to 6 ε_Hf units). Depth profiling by concurrent Pb‐Hf isotope determination reveals trends to lower ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb in several crystals, although these are not accompanied by shifts in ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf. We conclude that zircons from the Owens Gully Diorite are homogeneous for Hf isotopes at the scale of sampling and within the uncertainty limits of the measurement techniques employed. Zircon OG1/OGC would appear to be an ideal quality monitor for laser ablation Hf isotope determination in ancient zircons, and for laser ablation techniques where Hf isotope and age information are determined concurrently or simultaneously.     

下地幔温压下(Mg, Fe)SiO3钙钛矿的相稳定性

在69～100 GPa冲击压力(估算温度为2600～4300 K)范围内进行了初始样品为(Mg0.92, Fe0.08)SiO3顽火辉石和MgO+SiO2的冲击压缩回收实验。对回收样品进行的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明: 两发顽火辉石回收样品的主相均是单链状结构硅酸盐, 而非钙钛矿结构; 另外, 回收样品中均未观察到氧化物SiO2 和(Mg0.92, Fe0.08)O的XRD特征谱线; 两发MgO+SiO2回收样品中均观察到SiO2和镁橄榄石(Mg2SiO4)而没有氧化物MgO。实验结果表明: 在冲击压缩过程中样品处于钙钛矿结构, 在冲击卸载过程中样品发生了由钙钛矿结构向单链状结构的逆转相变; 在实验的温压范围内, 不可能发生由(Mg0.92, Fe0.08)SiO3向SiO2和(Mg0.92, Fe0.08)O的化学分解相变, 顽火辉石的高压相——钙钛矿结构是稳定的。高压加载或卸载过程引起的晶格畸变导致回收样品和原始样品的谱线差异, 而高压加载导致钙钛矿型(Mg0.92, Fe0.08)SiO3晶格畸变的可能性更大。     

Determination of Reference Values for NIST SRM 610–617 Glasses Following ISO Guidelines

We present new reference values for the NIST SRM 610–617 glasses following ISO guidelines and the International Association of Geoanalysts’ protocol. Uncertainties at the 95% confidence level (CL) have been determined for bulk‐ and micro‐analytical purposes. In contrast to former compilation procedures, this approach delivers data that consider present‐day requirements of data quality. New analytical data and the nearly complete data set of the GeoReM database were used for this study. Data quality was checked by the application of the Horwitz function and by a careful investigation of analytical procedures. We have determined quantitatively possible element inhomogeneities using different test portion masses of 1, 0.1 and 0.02 μg. Although avoiding the rim region of the glass wafers, we found moderate inhomogeneities of several chalcophile/siderophile elements and gross inhomogeneities of Ni, Se, Pd and Pt at small test portion masses. The extent of inhomogeneity was included in the determination of uncertainties. While the new reference values agree with the NIST certified values with the one exception of Mn in SRM 610, they typically differ by as much as 10% from the Pearce et al. (1997) values in current use. In a few cases (P, S, Cl, Ta, Re) the discrepancies are even higher.     

电子探针背景扣除和谱线干扰修正方法的进展

对提高电子探针分析精度和分辨本领的关键和难点——背景扣除和重叠峰修正的理论和方法发展进行了综述。介绍了避免谱线干扰的方法和计算谱线干扰量的主要算法及软件应用效果,包括估计干扰因子法、模拟元素谱图法、最小二乘方拟合法及谱线去卷积运算法。讨论了分析中的背景来源及非线性背景扣除的理论和方法发展,并对背景和谱线干扰修正的发展前景进行了展望。引用文献62篇。     

The Preparation and Preliminary Characterisation of Three Synthetic Andesite Reference Glass Materials (ARM‐1, ARM‐2, ARM‐3) for In Situ Microanalysis

Three synthetic reference glasses were prepared by directly fusing and stirring 3.8 kg of high‐purity oxide powders to provide reference materials for microanalytical work. These glasses have andesitic major compositions and are doped with fifty‐four trace elements in nearly identical abundance (500, 50, 5 µg g^?1) using oxide powders or element solutions, and are named ARM‐1, 2 and 3, respectively. We further document that sector‐field (SF) ICP‐MS (Element 2 or Element XR) is capable of sweeping seventy‐seven isotopes (from ⁷Li to ²³⁸U, a total of sixty‐eight elements) in 1 s and, thus, is able to quantify up to sixty‐eight elements by laser sampling. Micro‐ and bulk analyses indicate that the glasses are homogeneous with respect to major and trace elements. This paper provides preliminary data for the ARM glasses using a variety of analytical techniques (EPMA, XRF, ICP‐OES, ICP‐MS, LA‐Q‐ICP‐MS and LA‐SF‐ICP‐MS) performed in ten laboratories. Discrepancies in the data of V, Cr, Ni and Tl exist, mainly caused by analytical limitations. Preliminary reference and information values for fifty‐six elements were calculated with uncertainties [2 relative standard error (RSE)] estimated in the range of 1–20%.     

U-Pb定年体系特点和分析方法解析

地球科学即研究地球和天体形成和演化的学科,而地质作用的时间是地球科学研究的首要问题。放射性同位素体系定年是地质研究中获得绝对年龄的基本方法,其中U-Pb体系定年是目前固体地球科学年代学研究中应用最广的方法。应用U-Pb体系进行年代学研究,需要考虑几方面的因素,如测试对象是否适宜该体系定年、哪种技术手段更适宜本次研究目的、定年结果的置信度如何、能否在同一分析点上增加其他信息等。本文试图从U-Pb定年体系的原理、特点、技术手段出发,总结如何根据原理选择或判断适宜测试对象、测试方法和对结果的评估等,以期对非同位素地质年代学专业的研究者有所帮助。