Effects of forest roads on the hydrological response of a small‐scale mountain watershed in Greece

The effects of land use changes on the ecology and hydrology of natural watersheds have long been debated. However, less attention has been given to the hydrological effects of forest roads. Although less studied, several researchers have claimed that streamflow changes related to forest roads can cause a persistent and pervasive effect on hillslope hydrology and the functioning of the channel system. The main potential direct effects of forest roads on natural watersheds hydrologic response are runoff production on roads surfaces due to reduced infiltration rates, interruption of subsurface flow by road cutslopes and rapid transfer of the produced runoff to the stream network through roadside ditches. The aforementioned effects may significantly modify the total volume and timing of the hillslope flow to the stream network. This study uses detailed field data, spatial data, hydro‐meteorological records, as well as numerical simulation to investigate the effects of forest roads on the hydrological response of a small‐scale mountain experimental watershed, which is situated in the east side of Penteli Mountain, Attica, Greece. The results of this study highlight the possible effects of forest roads on the watersheds hydrological response that may significantly influence direct runoff depths and peak flow rates. It is demonstrated that these effects can be very important in permeable watersheds and that more emphasis should be given on the impact of roads on the watersheds hydrological response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ressi experimental catchment: Ecohydrological research in the Italian pre-Alps

Ressi is a small (2.4 ha) forested catchment located in the Italian pre-Alps. The site became an experimental catchment to investigate the water fluxes in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum and the impact of vegetation on runoff generation in 2012. The elevation of the catchment ranges from 598 to 721 m a.s.l. and the climate is humid temperate. The bedrock consists of rhyolites and dacites; the soil is a Cambisol. The catchment is covered by a dense forest, dominated by beech, chestnut, maple, and hazel trees. The field set up includes measurements of the rainfall in an open area, streamflow at the outlet, soil moisture at various depths and locations, and depth to water table in six piezometers at a 5- or 10-min interval. Samples of precipitation, stream water, shallow groundwater and soil water are collected monthly for tracer analysis (stable isotopes (²H and ¹⁸O), electrical conductivity and major ions), and during selected rainfall–runoff events to determine the contribution of the various sources to runoff. Since 2017, soil and plant water samples have been collected to determine the sources of tree transpiration. Data collected in the period 2012–2016 are publicly available. Data collection is ongoing, and the data set is expected to be updated on an annual basis to include the most recent measurements.     

Alteration of hydrological processes and streamflow with juniper (Juniperus virginiana) encroachment in a mesic grassland catchment

To understand the effect of woody plant encroachment on hydrological processes of mesic grasslands, we quantified infiltration capacity in situ, the temporal changes in soil water storage, and streamflow of a grassland catchment and a catchment heavily encroached by juniper (Juniperus virginiana, eastern redcedar) in previously cultivated, non‐karst substrate grasslands in north‐central Oklahoma for 3 years. The initial and steady‐state infiltration rates under the juniper canopy were nearly triple to that of the grassland catchment and were intermediate in the intercanopy spaces within the encroached catchment. Soil water content and soil water storage on the encroached catchment were generally lower than on the grassland catchment, especially when preceding the seasons of peak rainfall in spring and fall. Frequency and magnitude of streamflow events were reduced in the encroached catchment. Annual runoff coefficients for the encroached catchment averaged 2.1%, in contrast to 10.6% for the grassland catchment. Annual streamflow duration ranged from 80 to 250 h for the encroached catchment compared with 600 to 800 h for the grassland catchment. Our results showed that the encroachment of juniper into previously cultivated mesic grasslands fundamentally alters catchment hydrological function. Rapid transformation of mesic grassland to a woodland state with juniper encroachment, if not confined, has the potential to drastically reduce soil water, streamflow and flow duration of ephemeral streams in the Southern Great Plains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contained density currents with high volume of release

Contained density currents with high volume of release reflect against the boundaries of the reception environment commonly leading to oscillatory flow. These flows exist in sediment clarifiers, compromising their operations, and deposited signatures of contained turbidity currents are found as part of the infill of sedimentary basins; for operation of the former and interpretation of the latter it is essential to understand the dynamic processes of these flows. Six lock‐exchange experiments with different initial densities were made in a horizontal flume, where the volume of the saline mixture in the lock was equivalent to the volume of the ambient fluid. A further two tests, with a repeated initial density, were made: one with high volume of release and very long duration; and another with low volume of release. Firstly, the movement of the current is discussed, including the oscillations within the experimental tank involving the density current and an upper layer counter‐current. It is shown that the cyclic behaviour is self‐similar with the reduced gravity of the initial density in the lock. Secondly, entrainment and water mixing processes are characterized. The time evolution of mixing is characterized qualitatively by analysing the background potential energy of the density distributions to show that mixing occurs even in the earlier stages of the current, and mainly within the first cycle of the oscillation. Quantified analysis reveals that, in currents with high volume of release, entrainment discharge is one order of magnitude higher, mainly due to the larger interface between the ambient fluid and the current. A model for the evolution of the mixing process is proposed for density currents with high volume of release. Finally, the dynamics of the head of the current is analysed. The entrainment in the head, when compared to the entrainment in the remainder body of the flows, is less important for the configuration with a larger lock.     

电涌保护器级间退耦元件的选型分析

针对电涌保护器（SPD）级间能量配合试验中配合失效的问题,主要利用波的传输理论与基尔霍夫定律进行分析,结合JB/T 10618-2006（组合式电涌保护器）的规定假设一套组合型SPD,通过基础理论分析与精确计算得出：当被保护装置属于低频（直流）设备时,在不影响信号强度的情况下,退耦元件采用电感或电阻型元件均可;当被保护装置属于高频设备时,退耦元件只能选用低电感量的电阻型退耦元件.退耦元件的参数值均可按照波的传输理论与基尔霍夫定律进行理论计算.这在组合型SPD退耦元件的选型过程中,具有重要的指导意义.     

涉及埃达克岩实验的若干基本概念与问题辨析

根据热力学原理,部分熔融是相变的一种表现形式。当岩石沿p-T轨迹穿过固相线时即可发生熔融。自然界岩石常见的不一致熔融行为可以导致残留相具有不同于源岩的整体成分与矿物组合。残留相与源岩可以属于不同的变质相,岩性也可以不同。"C型埃达克岩"含有含水矿物,它们不是干体系熔融的产物。实验岩石学研究表明,基性成分(SiO_250%)体系较中性、酸性体系在1.0~2.0 GPa压力条件下失水熔融时更易于形成"榴辉岩质"的残留相。源岩除SiO_2以外的其它主要氧化物会影响残留相中各矿物的比例,进而影响熔体的Sr、Y及HREE含量。因此,"C型埃达克岩"高Sr低HREE特征的形成取决于熔融温压条件以及源岩的主量元素、微量元素组成等多重因素。高钾含量(K_2O≈1.0%)的基性、中基性源岩形成的熔体成分与"C型埃达克岩"相比过于富Al或富Na。中等富钾的基性源岩的低程度熔融可以形成高硅的"C型埃达克岩",但无法形成中性的"C型埃达克岩"。     

冰层取心回转钻进模拟实验台的设计与测试

极地钻探实践表明,冰盖底部冰岩交界附近地质情况异常复杂,不但可能存在暖冰、基底融水,甚至还存在厚度不等的冰岩夹层,取心钻探异常困难,而优选钻头类型、确定合理的钻进参数是保证其安全、快速钻进的重要因素。本文设计了一套能够模拟冰层回转钻进的实验台,其技术参数为：钻压、转速分别可在0～10 kN、0～300 r/min范围内调节,最大扭矩约100 N·m。该实验台能够测量钻头切削具温度、钻孔深度及钻进速度等参数,为深入研究钻头类型及结构参数、钻进参数对扭矩、钻速和切削温度的影响规律提供了手段。采用PDC复合片钻头进行了冰钻实验,结果表明,实验台能够准确调节钻压和转速,可满足实验要求。     

Prediction of Seaward Slope Recession in Berm Breakwaters Using M5' Machine Learning Approach

In the design process of berm breakwaters, their front slope recession has an inevitable rule in large number of model tests, and this parameter being studied. This research draws its data from Moghim’s and Shekari’s experiment results. These experiments consist of two different 2D model tests in two wave flumes, in which the berm recession to different sea state and structural parameters have been studied. Irregular waves with a JONSWAP spectrum were used in both test series. A total of 412 test results were used to cover the impact of sea state conditions such as wave height, wave period, storm duration and water depth at the toe of the structure, and structural parameters such as berm elevation from still water level, berm width and stone diameter on berm recession parameters. In this paper, a new set of equations for berm recession is derived using the M5'' model tree as a machine learning approach. A comparison is made between the estimations by the new formula and the formulae recently given by other researchers to show the preference of new M5'' approach.     

3500m岩心钻探装备在油气井勘查中的示范应用

3500 m岩心钻探装备（YDX—6型钻机）是我国自主研发的深部矿产资源勘查技术装备,采用N级口径钻深可达3500 m,其最大特点是采用长油缸钻进和起下钻。本文主要介绍了该钻机在油气井勘查中生产试验情况,同时对矿区地层、钻孔结构、钻进过程、钻进效果、遇到的主要问题及解决办法等进行了介绍。     

地震工程研究的科学大平台

始于十九世纪末的地震工程研究,在其100多年的历史中积累了大量的理论和实践经验,随之而建设起来的各类地震工程实验设施分布于世界各地。近20年来,信息技术的飞速发展使得分布于世界各地的实验设施通过网络实现协同实验和资源共享。基于以上的信息,为了更好更快地和国际接轨,本文提出了建设一个地震工程研究领域的科学大平台设想。这个大平台包括三个方面的内容:数值模拟,网络协同实验系统和基础信息系统,将形成本领域开放性的综合科学平台。在数值模拟方面,这个科学平台将利用最新的信息技术将本领域的科学研究结果和方法集成起来,形成一个模块式的科学研究平台系统。在网络协同实验方面,将采纳美国NEES的思路,并对其改进和提高之后应用于中国。在基础数据方面,将利用最为先进的数据仓储技术,建设一个可以服务于地震工程科学研究的数据平台。最后,文章给出了建设这个科学平台的规划,以及目前的进展和资金支持等情况。