Experimental seismic investigation of Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam model on shaking table

Owing to the devastating M7.6 earthquake of 20 June 1990 that occurred in the northern province of Iran, Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam located near the epicenter was severely shaken. The crack penetrated throughout the dam thickness near slope discontinuity, causing severe leakage, but with no general failure. In this study, nonlinear seismic response of the highest monolith with empty reservoir is investigated experimentally through model testing. A geometric‐scaled model of 1:30 was tested on a shaking table with high‐frequency capability to study dynamic cracking of the model and serve as data for nonlinear computer model calibration. Three construction joints are set up in the model to simulate effects of construction aspects. The experimental results are then compared with smeared crack and damage mechanics finite‐element simulations using nonlinear concrete constitutive models based on fracture mechanics. The crack patterns obtained from numerical models are in good agreement with those obtained from shaking table tests for the case of including construction joint effects and rigid foundation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Classification of self-potential anomalies on volcanoes and possible interpretations for their subsurface structure

Self-potential (SP) surveys were conducted on 10 island-arc-type volcanoes in Japan. Large-scale SP anomalies that covered entire volcanic edifices and had simple shapes were observed. Neglecting the local fluctuations, we named the SP anomaly that shows voltage gradients anywhere on the flank a long spatial wavelength (LSW) SP anomaly. We first classified these anomalies into three types: 1) no anomaly (SP profile is flat): 2) “W”-shaped profile: and 3) “V”-shaped profile. In some volcanoes, one flank with a flat SP profile and another with half of the W-shaped SP profile coexist. Next, we compared LSW-SP anomalies with various factors that may be related to SP generation and found that the SP profile is approximately flat on the flank where geothermal manifestations exist. This relationship, which is new aspect of the SP data on volcanoes, is important because it can impose a constraint on the model for SP generation and the subsurface structure. Based on the discussion that SP is generated by an electrokinetic mechanism, we propose that resistivity, zeta potential, and hydraulic radius are the possible parameters that control the existence of LSW-SP anomalies. The new relationship between SP and geothermal manifestation are understood in terms of the presence of hydrothermal system. Although the structure of volcanic edifice is probably spatially complicated, the insight into the SP data presented in this study implies that the flanks with flat SP profiles are relatively weak and have high potential for sector collapse.     

峰值破裂岩石的气体渗透性试验研究

为了测试采矿工程中峰值破裂岩体的气体渗透特性,设计了与气体渗透系统相配套的气体渗透仪。对淮南顾桥矿采集的标高?653～?771 m的煤系岩石制成的标准岩样,先利用MTS815系统加压至峰值强度,而后测试其气体渗透性能。理论分析了一维非Darcy渗流过程及该情况下的渗透率求解方法。试验结果表明,即使位于深部,岩石破裂后的渗透率也比完整时大103～106个数量级,同时,破裂砂岩的渗透率要比同标高的破裂泥岩高。     

激波作用下水泥试样内部损伤试验方法研究

通过优化试验方案,实现了爆炸激波对水泥试样内部的损伤破坏试验,观察到激波对试样的损伤破坏现象。根据试验需求,设计、制作和标定了可用于测量水泥试样内部激波压力（或速度）的传感器,并在水中与商业传感器一起进行了测试,发现两种传感器获得的波形一致,并且该传感器的尺度可以满足试验的需要。利用量纲分析的方法,得到了激波在水泥试样中的衰减规律模型,通过比较相同条件下实测压力与模型计算的压力,发现计算压力要比实测压力高5 %～15 %。     

闭合裂纹断裂的有效剪应力准则

将闭合裂纹表面的有效剪应力引入裂尖应力强度因子的计算,获得了无限大板和有限宽板含中心闭合裂纹在不同裂纹长度、倾角以及摩擦系数下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子值。引入等径向剪应力线 这一概念,建立了闭合裂纹断裂的有效剪应力准则：（1）岩板内闭合裂纹将沿着等 线上双剪应力的和最小的方向扩展;（2）裂纹尖端的应力强度因子KⅡ达到材料的临界值KⅡC,裂纹将开始扩展。该准则成功预测了闭合裂纹的临界起裂角 ,与各种经典复合型断裂准则计算Ⅱ型裂纹起裂角比较,结果较为接近。将其应用于闭合裂纹的断裂判定是安全的。     

煤层气储层的显微孔裂隙成因分类及其应用

采用煤岩学方法研究煤储层特性,可直接观察孔裂隙的分布、形态、数量、充填状态等特征,有利于查明显微孔裂隙成因、影响因素及演化规律。将显微孔隙分为生物成因孔和非生物成因孔;显微裂隙划分出内生裂隙、继承性裂隙、层面裂隙和构造裂隙;分别研究了各类显微孔裂隙在煤储层中的分布、随煤化作用的演化规律及其与渗透率的关系,并取得了良好的效果。      

Characterizing random wave surface elevation data

The definition and subsequent use of dimensional and dimensionless parameters to characterize various nonlinear aspects of ocean surface waves has again become a matter of great interest to the offshore community. The desire to ascertain whether laboratory simulations are adequately representing the surface waves found in the oceans and the concern over the mechanisms behind platform response phenomena, like ringing, has driven this resurgence of interest. This paper presents a depth independent characterization of single design waves, from which improved estimates of localized wave crest front and back slopes follow that are consistent with discrete time series analysis. Characterization of the nature of the entire wave data recorded requires a combination of spectral parameters and probabilistic models in addition to those used in the design wave characterization. A new expression for the direct evaluation of the kurtosis from knowledge of the spectral bandwidth, the relationship between some of the common spectral parameters, and some modified spectral parameters are presented and discussed. Three illustrative examples are presented. The first example provides a detailed examination of wave data measured from a series of random amplitude and random phase tests in a large model basin. The second presents estimates of the various parameters for the Pierson-Moskowitz and Wallops wave spectrum models. The third example investigates the use of the spectral peakedness ratio for comparing data with selected wave spectrum models. The examples illustrate how the formulae can provide a comprehensive local and global parametric characterization of surface wave elevation data.     

渭南市区地震裂缝与岩土工程对策

1556年华县大地震,在渭南市区产生了大量的地震裂缝,研究与工程实践表明,这些裂缝遗迹目前已处于稳定状态。随着地下水位的普遍下降和上覆土层的加厚,在基本烈度为Ⅷ时,市区内一般将不会产生砂土液化等震害现象。拟建场地出现此类裂缝,只需采取相应的岩土工程措施,便可做为适宜建造场地。应将地震裂缝与由构造引起的地裂缝及由湿陷性土遇水引起的湿陷裂缝区别对待。     

三轴压缩条件下三峡坝基岩石破裂的分形特征

根据分形理论,系统地研究了在三轴压缩条件下三峡坝基岩石破裂系和破损物的分形结构。结果表明,在三轴压缩条件下,岩石脆性破裂的破裂系和岩石破损物的粒度分布均有很好的统计自相似性。在不同的围压和应变率下,岩石脆性破裂的分维值各不相同,体现了岩石脆性断裂机制的差异性。分维可作为描述岩石脆性断裂的定量参数     

国外断裂研究中包裹体测温技术的某些应用

综述了国外地学工作得在断裂构造带研究中利用流体包裹体测温技术的情况。研究表明运用包裹体测温技术既可获得断裂充休活动更直接上判别中朝克拉通与扬子克拉通碰撞过如流体的成分、温度、压力、密度盐度等,又可深入了解断裂构造活动的某些特点,如断裂构造的形成环境、演化过程及构造活动对流体组分和特点的影响。