High‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence investigation of calcite coralloid speleothems: Elemental incorporation and their potential as environmental archives

Synchrotron high‐resolution and micro‐X‐ray fluorescence elemental mapping of two coeval coralloid speleothems from Lamalunga Cave (Italy) are complemented with petrographic, morphological and microstratigraphic studies. The importance of these speleothems relies on their direct and indirect association with a complete Neanderthal skeleton (‘Altamura Man’) found inside the cave. The coralloids grew discontinuously between 64·6 ka and the Holocene and reveal exceptionally high concentrations of Mg, Sr and Si, particularly on convex surfaces, where evaporation is more intense. The incorporation of trace elements depends on several factors including location, shape and geometrical evolution during their growth, as well as climate and environmental parameters. This resulted in calcite precipitation with Sr compositions from 100 to 1200 ppm and an average concentration of 7000 ppm Mg. An unusually high Si content (up to 16%) is possibly derived from volcanic ash transported as particulate and in solution inside the cave. The most common fabrics observed consist of non‐fluorescent elongated columnar calcite forming clean isopachous bands and fluorescent fibre‐like crystals associated with laminated, lenticular bands high in Sr, Mg and Si. Variability in Sr, Mg and Si concentrations appears to induce fabric changes in the coralloids. Elongation and lattice distortion of the crystals was found to coincide with high Mg concentrations. The transition from compact elongated to open to fibre‐like, is here interpreted as due to high concentrations of Si and Sr, which are preferentially incorporated in the speleothem at crystal boundaries and intra‐laminae. It is here inferred that coralloid fabric changes and their elemental content potentially record local rainfall variations through time, with the clean compact calcite marking high infiltration and open fibre‐like and micrite fabrics recording dry periods.     

光纤光栅传感技术在GFRP抗浮锚杆现场拉拔试验中的应用

光纤测试技术是将光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）传感器用光纤连成一串,通过构建多点光栅测试系统实现传感,它具有精度高、抗干扰能力强、空间分辨率高和连续数据采集等特点。将光纤光栅传感技术应用到原型玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）抗浮锚杆受力测试中,同步测试了锚杆杆体-锚固体界面、锚固体-周围岩土体界面以及锚固体内的应变,实现GFRP抗浮锚杆多界面全长受力测试。测试结果表明,光纤光栅传感技术能准确记录拉拔过程中GFRP抗浮锚杆各界面的应变变化,揭示锚杆杆体-锚固体界面、锚固体内、锚固体-周围岩土体界面的轴向应力和剪应力分别随荷载水平和锚固深度变化的分布规律,但不同界面处荷载的传递深度和剪应力沿深度的影响范围有所差异。该测试技术和传感器埋设工艺有众多优势,在岩土工程科学研究与工程应用领域具有广阔的前景。     

页岩气藏微裂缝表观渗透率动态模型研究

为研究页岩气藏开发过程中介质变形和滑脱效应对微裂缝表观渗透率动态变化的影响规律,分析有效应力和多孔介质结构参数等对气体渗流影响机制,采用光滑平板模型,结合分形及气体微观渗流理论,建立了介质变形和滑脱效应耦合作用下的微裂缝表观渗透率动态模型,并对模型进行可靠性验证和参数敏感性分析。研究表明,页岩气藏降压开采过程中受介质变形和滑脱效应“一负一正”耦合影响,微裂缝表观渗透率呈先减小后增大趋势,且临界压力值约为5 MPa;不同有效应力状态下,由于介质变形和滑脱效应耦合机制的差异性,导致表观渗透率变化规律不同,从微观作用机制角度对实验中不同加载条件下页岩应力敏感性的差异做出了理论解释;微裂缝最大开度越小,表观渗透率曲线“凹槽”越深,同时微裂缝孔隙度及开度分形维数越高、迂曲度分形维数越低,表观渗透率值越大。     

海水鲈鱼硬体组织中羟基磷灰石的结晶特性

海水鲈鱼硬体组织的鳞片、几种骨骼和牙齿均含有生物矿物。运用X射线微区衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜与能谱测试技术对其做了成分与结构方面的探究。其中X射线微区衍射技术能够无损、原样、有效的获取生命微晶体的结构信息,适合生物矿物研究。结果表明硬体组织中的矿物相均为羟基磷灰石,除蝶骨外,其余组织的羟基磷灰石化学成分呈现缺Ca富P的特征。晶胞参数修正结果得到鳞片中羟基磷灰石a=0.9421~0.9461nm,c=0.6844~0.6907nm,并且,越靠近鳞基,越接近鳞基处的晶胞参数;骨骼中a=0.9438~0.9492nm,c=0.6873~0.6887nm;牙齿中a=0.9470nm,c=0.6883nm。透射电镜观察羟基磷灰石为纳米级别晶粒,由Scherrer公式计算得到晶粒大小为D_鳞=9.4~14.1nm,D_骨=16.2~18.3nm,D_牙=15.1nm,骨骼中羟基磷灰石晶体结晶度最好,其次为牙齿,鳞片中的结晶度最差。X射线衍射图及取向因子R计算结果表明,牙齿、鳞片和骨骼中羟基磷灰石晶体均趋向沿结晶学c轴择优取向生长特点。生物矿物结晶特性(晶体尺寸、结晶度及择优取向)是由组织功能决定并由有机基质调控的结果,以提供生命体良好的机械性能。     

复杂环境中深基坑综合支护设计与施工技术

以广西柳州一处于复杂环境中的深基坑综合支护为对象,结合工程地质条件及勘察试验,提出了“注浆微型钢管桩 注浆微型树根桩 挂网喷砼 锚杆 预应力锚索”及“钢筋混凝土排桩 旋喷桩 挂网喷砼”2种综合支护方案进行支护,并阐述了方案的设计参数选取和施工工艺要求。实践表明,支护方案具有较好的适用性和安全性,可为类似基坑工程的设计和施工提供参考。     

高真空与脉冲放电气相色谱联用装置研发及其在岩石脱气化学分析中的应用

岩石中气体化学组成的分析具有重要意义。载气保护下的岩石脱气,过程比较复杂;高真空下岩石脱气的气相色谱分析报道较少,一般不能测量气体的总量;真空脱气质谱法对于分子量相近的气体,很难进行测量。针对上述问题,本文研制了高真空岩石样品脱气分析装置,该装置真空度10-4Pa,空白样品压强0.1 Pa,N2含量测量精度为0.63%,标准温压下最少可测样品量1 mm3。将其与带脉冲放电检测器的气相色谱仪联用,实现了岩石脱气及其微升量级气体化学组成的高灵敏气相色谱分析。利用本系统分析了五大连池火山岩、松辽盆地储层岩石和四川盆地页岩样品中释放的气体,结果表明:相比以往的实验装置和方法,该系统能够直接测量岩石脱出气体的总量,分段加热脱气分析样品用量更少,气体组成分析灵敏度更高,检测的主要成分是岩石脱气常见的成分,针对性较强。     

纯化油田湖相滩坝薄储层含油性差异及控制因素

纯化油田滩坝储层岩性复杂,泥岩、砂岩和碳酸盐岩呈薄层状频繁互层,不同储层的物性差异明显。综合运用岩心、测井、扫描电镜、物性实验和生产动态等资料,对储层含油性差异及控制因素进行了研究。结果表明:研究区发育坝、砂质滩、颗粒滩、泥晶滩及浅湖泥5种微相,物源、成岩作用、沉积微相和储层厚度均对储层含油性有控制作用。优质储层在垂向上有分层性,纯上砂层组砂岩储层优于纯下砂层组碳酸盐岩储层,其中成岩作用改造作用明显,钙质胶结使砂岩物性变差,溶蚀作用使鲕粒灰岩孔渗性优于泥晶灰岩;平面上有分区性,与沉积微相密切相关,坝、砂质滩最好,颗粒滩次之,泥晶滩最差;同一相带内又受储层厚度影响,厚度越大产油越好。     

基于ARM9地震电磁信息数据服务器的设计与实现

分析地震电磁信息仪器对信号处理和采集中存在的问题,提出基于ARM9的地震电磁信息数据服务器的解决方案,成功实现了对地震电磁信息的高速采集、海量存储和网络传输。文中介绍地震电磁信息数据服务器设计思路及基本构架,对各个模块给出硬件设计,并介绍系统的软件流程。     

Towards an improved understanding of erosion rates and tidal notch development on limestone coasts in the Tropics: 10 years of micro‐erosion meter measurements,Phang Nga Bay,Thailand

Knowledge and understanding of shore platform erosion and tidal notch development in the tropics and subtropics relies mainly on short‐term studies conducted on recently deposited carbonate rocks, predominantly Holocene and Quaternary reef limestones and aeolianites. This paper presents erosion rates, measured over a 10 year period on notches and platforms developed on the Permian, Ratburi limestone at Phang Nga Bay, Thailand. In so doing it contributes to informing a particular knowledge gap in our understanding of the erosion dynamics of shore platform and tidal notch development in the tropics and subtropics – notch erosion rates on relatively hard, ancient limestones measured directly on the rock surface using a micro‐erosion meter (MEM) over time periods of a decade or more. The average intertidal erosion rate of 0.231 mm/yr is lower than erosion rates measured over 2–3 years on recent, weaker carbonate rocks. Average erosion rates at Phang Nga vary according to location and site and are, in rank order from highest to lowest: Mid‐platform (0.324 mm/yr) > Notch floor (0.289 mm/yr) > Rear notch wall (0.228 mm/yr) > Lower platform (0.140 mm/yr) > Notch roof (0.107 mm/yr) and Supratidal (0.095 mm/yr). The micro‐relief of the eroding rock surfaces in each of these positions exhibits marked differences that are seemingly associated with differences in dominant physical and bio‐erosion processes. The results begin to help inform knowledge of longer term shore platform erosion dynamics, models of marine notch development and have implications for the use of marine notches as indicators of changes in sea level and the duration of past sea levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

信阳地震台DSQ型水管仪异常特征分析

定点形变DSQ型水管仪通过记录台基的相对垂直位移来反映地壳形变,其数据波形的异常反映了观测环境的相应变化。2014年10月18日DSQ南北向数据出现大幅向南下滑的特征。本文通过实地调查取证,并根据前人成果计算钵体内损失的水量与山洞本身水分对灰岩墩轴向产生的膨胀应变值,然后再通过DSQ观测数据反推造成南北向异常的可能应变值,最后将两种应变值的大小进行对比研究。通过计算表明:灰岩轴向膨胀应变εz0应在[1.9168×10-3,5.2219×10-3]范围内,而通过DSQ反推的应变值εdsq约为4.6398×10-3,正好位于灰岩轴向应变之内。由此可大致判定此次异常的原因:在仪器北端礅附近,钵体与连通管结合部渗漏微量的水,渗漏水进入仪器墩体,使北端墩体膨胀,造成南北分量向南倾斜。