波纹唇鱼骨骼系统特征的研究

为揭示波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulatus)骨骼形态特征,作者采用X射线成像法对波纹唇鱼骨骼进行相关研究。研究发现,波纹唇鱼下口位具牙齿,颌骨密度较大,舌颌骨下端具臼齿状结构;脊柱由10枚躯椎和13枚尾椎构成,第1~10枚脊椎骨连接10对腹肋,第6~9枚脊椎骨具椎体横突,第11~22枚脊椎连接12枚脉棘,第1~21枚脊椎骨连接21枚髓棘,第22枚脊椎上脉棘不明显;第2~8枚脊椎可观察到背肋;4块尾上骨(含1块髓棘)和5块尾下骨(含两块脉棘);肩带位于第1~3枚脊椎下方;腰带位于第5枚脊椎骨下方腹面;背鳍位于第5~21枚脊椎骨上方;臀鳍位于第13~19枚脊椎骨下方腹面。研究结果表明,X射线法可以清晰观察波纹唇鱼骨骼,实现无伤化研究珍稀鱼类;为适应在珊瑚礁中穿梭、捕食和增加消化能力,波纹唇鱼具有独特的骨骼构造。波纹唇鱼骨骼的研究丰富了南海珊瑚礁鱼类的研究基础,为其分类及演化提供参考。     

A micro‐mechanical study of peak strength and critical state

We present a micro‐mechanical analysis of macroscopic peak strength, critical state, and residual strength in two‐dimensional non‐cohesive granular media. Typical continuum constitutive quantities such as frictional strength and dilation angle are explicitly related to their corresponding grain‐scale counterparts (e.g., inter‐particle contact forces, fabric, particle displacements, and velocities), providing an across‐the‐scale basis for a better understanding and modeling of granular materials. These multi‐scale relations are derived in three steps. First, explicit relations between macroscopic stress and strain rate with the corresponding grain‐scale mechanics are established. Second, these relations are used in conjunction with the non‐associative Mohr–Coulomb criterion to explicitly connect internal friction and dilation angles to the micro‐mechanics. Third, the mentioned explicit connections are applied to investigate, understand, and derive micro‐mechanical conditions for peak strength, critical state, and residual strength. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喉部结构不对称的微喷管数值计算

以FLUENT6.1软件为工具,利用湍流k-ε模型,求解二维稳态可压缩N-S方程,模拟了微喷管内的超音速流动,分析了喷管喉部结构不对称对喷管流场与喷管出口推力的影响。这种喉部结构不对称由于喉部上下顶点在x方向上偏离一定距离所造成。数值计算结果表明,喷管喉部上下顶点在流体流动方向的不对称,将导致喷管内部流体流场不平衡性,诱导喷管内部产生康达效应,使得喷管出口的x方向推力减小,y方向产生了多余的推力。     

Zero-stress,cylindrical wave functions around a circular underground tunnel in a flat,elastic half-space: Incident P-waves

The zero-stress boundary conditions at the surface of the half-space in the presence of surface and sub-surface cavities for in-plane, incident cylindrical P- and SV-waves have always posed challenging problems. The outgoing cylindrical P- and SV-waves can be represented by Hankel functions of radial distance coupled with the sine and cosine functions of angle. Together, at the half-space surface the P- and SV-wave functions are not orthogonal over the semi-infinite radial distance from 0 to infinity. Thus, to simultaneously satisfy the zero in-plane, normal, and shear stresses, an approximation of the geometry is often made. This paper presents an analytical formulation of the boundary-valued problem, where the Hankel wave functions are expressed in integral form, changing the representation from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates, so that the zero-stress boundary conditions at the half-space surface can be applied in a more straightforward way.     

Tomographic measurements of pore filling at infiltration fronts

For certain porous media and initial conditions, constant flux infiltrations show a saturation profile which exhibits overshoot. This overshoot is the cause of gravity driven fingering, cannot be described by standard models of unsaturated flow, and is likely controlled by the exact nature of the pore filling at the initial front. Here we report synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography measurements of the porous medium and measure which pores are filled by water and air at the initial wetting front as a function of flux. We find that at high fluxes all the pores are filled with water; for intermediate fluxes, the pores along the edge of the column remain unsaturated; and for low fluxes the pores in the bulk of the experimental column remain unsaturated. This suggests that the unsaturated overshoot conditions observed at higher fluxes are primarily an edge effect of the column. The results can help delineate the correct continuum models that can capture overshoot and gravity driven fingering.     

Diffraction of plane P waves around an alluvial valley in poroelastic half-space

Diffraction of plane P waves around an alluvial valley of arbitrary shape in poroelastic half-space is investigated by using an indirect boundary integral equation method. Based on the Green’s functions of line source in poroelastic half-space, the scattered waves are constructed using the fictitious wave sources close to the interface of the valley and the density of fictitious wave sources are determined by boundary conditions. The precision of the method is verified by the satisfaction extent of boundary...     

磷酸铝结合剂改性绿松石的结构特征

疏松绿松石经磷酸铝结合剂浸胶充填处理后,宝石学参数、力学和工艺性质均得到明显改善,与天然绿松石相仿.为查明这类改性绿松石的结构和探讨磷酸铝无机结合剂对绿松石的改善机理,采用环境扫描显微镜(ESEM)、差热分析(TG-DSC)、红外吸收光谱(IR)和X射线粉晶衍射分析方法(XRD),对此类浸胶充填处理后的绿松石结构、物相及热性质等特征进行了研究.结果显示充填入的磷酸铝结合剂呈凝胶状分布在绿松石微孔隙间,处理后绿松石的分子结构和矿物组构与处理前一致,但产生了一定程度的非晶质化,与磷酸铝结合剂的填充作用有关,即磷酸铝结合剂在固化过程中生成氢,结合形成无机网络高分子结构;处理后绿松石的热反应温度较处理前普遍有所降低,主要是由于添加入的磷酸铝结合剂具有较低的吸热反应温度所致.      

婴幼儿X线胸片对胸腺增大的分析诊断

目的:探讨婴幼儿胸腺影增大的X线表现。方法:收集我院近年婴幼儿X线胸片观察到增大的胸腺影300例,主要讨论婴幼儿胸腺的影像表现、诊断与鉴别诊断。结果:对X线胸片上显示的300例增大的胸腺影在性别、年龄、形态、位置等方面进行分析总结。其中右上纵隔旁僧帽状90例,双侧纵隔旁杯形90例,右上纵隔旁船帆状75例,右肺尖圆块状30例,左上纵隔旁椭圆形15例。结论:X线胸片对婴幼儿胸腺影增大的诊断与鉴别具有一定作用,定性诊断最后尚需依靠穿刺活检及结合临床综合分析。     

基于改进重建滤波器的局部CT重建算法

鉴于实际工程应用需求,基于截断投影数据的CT图像局部重建是X射线CT重建的一个重要课题,本文概述了现有的局部重建算法,分析了其优缺点,提出了一种基于改进重建滤波器的局部CT重建算法。通过对滤波函数的改进,使其能量主要集中在中心位置,使旁瓣迅速下降,进而使滤波函数具有局部重建功能。另外改进的滤波函数压制了低频信息,突出了高频信息,具有提高成像空间分辨率的功能,但对图像噪声有所放大,实际实验数据验证了算法的可行性。     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的CT诊断

目的:探讨胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)的CT表现特征,以提高对该病的诊断能力。方法:回顾性分析经临床手术病理证实的16例IPMN病例CT图像,并作文献复习。结果:16例IPMN病例中,主胰管型3例,表现为主胰管扩张伴管壁结节样突起;分支胰管型7例,表现为分叶状单发囊性病变或葡萄串样多发囊性病变伴腔内分隔或结节样突起;混合型6例,表现为主胰管扩张和囊性病变合并存在。结论:IPMN的CT表现有一定特征性,有助于对该病的正确诊断。