THE MODERNIZATION OF SUGAR PRODUCTION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, 1880–1940

ABSTRACT. Southeast Asia is an ideal location in which to study the modernization of sugar production, given that the presence of six colonial powers makes comparisons possible. The Dutch took the lead in modernizing the region's sugar industry by breeding new varieties of sugarcane and by introducing central sugar factories. The article takes these two innovations as indexes of modernization and traces their diffusion through the region. It demonstrates that colonial policy largely determined the speed of acceptance of these innovations. Modernization made the sugar industry dependent on the continuing success of scientific research, restructured the relations between worker and factory, and, by supplanting the previous system of sugar production, Chinese in origin, changed the human geography of the region.     

粤西小片云母资源及其开发利用

粤西有着丰富的小片云母资源，其开发利用对广东的经济发展有着十分重要的意义。本文介绍了粤西小片云资源概况，并论述了开发利用途径和前景最后，对粤西小片云母资源的开发利用提出了建议。     

Microstructural evidence of rotation and non-rotation of mica porphyroblasts

Abstract Mica porphyroblasts in schists from several regions show nearly planar inclusion trails that are parallel over areas much larger than the wavelengths of later folds. This indicates that the porphyroblasts have not rotated, with respect to geographical co-ordinates, during deformation. Instead, the matrix has rotated, as suggested by Ramsay (1962). Even in zones of marked shortening in the matrix adjacent to large rigid porphyroblasts (e.g. of cordierite or staurolite), small biotite porphyroblasts have not rotated, but have become thinned by solution, as indicated by parallelism of inclusion trails in separate biotite grains and by evidence of truncation of inclusion trails by the matrix foliation. Less common are biotite porphyroblasts that have single asymmetrical microfolds in the matrix adjacent to the porphyroblasts and so appear to have rotated; these porphyroblasts are characterized by kinking.     

新发现的沂蒙矿类质同象系列矿物──K(Ti_5Fe_3Cr_2Mg_2)_(12)O_(19)及Ba(Ti_5Fe_4Mg_2Cr)_(12)O_(19)

在山东蒙阴金伯利岩中，首次发现了沂蒙矿类质同象系列新的富Ti矿物（变）种。理想的晶体化学式可表达为：K（Ti5Fe3Cr2Mg2）12O19（简称K－Ti沂蒙矿）（Ba，K）（Ti5Fe4Mg2Cr）12O19（简称Ba－Ti沂蒙矿）从而与原来确定的沂蒙矿K（Cr5Ti3Fe2Mg2）12O19和钡钛铁铝矿（Ba，K）（Cr4Fe4Ti3Mg）12O19一起构成了金伯利岩中AM12O19磁铁铅矿型矿物的K-Cr、Ba－Cr、K-Ti、Ba-Ti四种端元类型的复杂类质同象系列。新发现的两个矿物（变）种均产出于具叶片状尖晶石出溶体的镁钛铁矿中。根据结构已知的沂蒙矿中原子的占位和配位多面体情况，分析了K－Ti，Ba－Ti沂蒙矿中各原子的占位和配位多面体，认为新发现的两个（变）种在成分上与沂蒙矿和钡钛铁铬矿有明显的区别。根据镁钛铁矿、尖晶石、沂蒙矿新（变）种、钙钛矿之间的相互关系，探讨了它们的形成环境，从而为这类矿物的地幔成因提供了直接证据。     

Quantification of electron microprobe compositional maps of rock thin sections: an optimized method and examples

Quantification of discrete pressure–temperature domains in deformed chlorite + white mica‐bearing metapelites was undertaken on mineral compositions derived by two‐dimensional microprobe compositional mapping of selected areas of rock thin sections. In order to achieve compositional information at sufficient analytical precision, spatial resolution and sample coverage within a typical analysis time of 1 day, an optimization of measurement methods was necessary. The method presented here allows collection of raw counts for eight different element concentrations at an analytical precision of ～1–2 wt%. X‐ray intensity multiplane maps (one map per measured chemical element) are translated into concentration multiplane maps, utilizing selected conventionally measured spot analyses combined with the Castaing approximation for each mineral. As this step requires identification of the different minerals present in the mapped area, a statistical clustering technique to identify different groups of composition was developed, guided by simple petrographic inspection of the thin section, to delineate the important minerals in the mapped area. Finally, the compositions of each pixel are translated into a mineral structural formula thus yielding a new kind of image with a high content of petrological information. The reliability of the mineral composition images was emphasized by carrying out precision tests on the analytical data. The possible use of chemical maps to infer the P–T–deformation history of metamorphic rocks is illustrated with two samples from the Spitzbergen and the Sambagawa blueschist facies belts. In both samples, a strong correlation between structures and chemistry is observed. Qualitative estimates of P–T conditions from the Si‐content of mica and chlorite are in good agreement with their location in microstructures that formed at different times. Therefore, the combination of chemical maps with microstructural observations is a very powerful approach to understand both the evolution of complex metamorphic rocks and the control by deformation of mineral reactivity.     

Low- and high-alumina komatiites of Goiás, Central Brazil

Archean komatiites of Goiás, central Brazil, have experienced deformation and low-grade metamorphism, but several outcrops preserve primary volcanic features. Samples from less deformed komatiites of four out of five greenstone belts (Crixás, Guarinos, Pilar de Goiás, and Santa Rita) have been investigated for their geochemical properties. Komatiites from the Crixás greenstone belt have very low Al₂O₃/TiO₂, high CaO/Al₂O₃, and a hump-shaped rare earth element (REE) pattern. Those from the Guarinos and Pilar de Goiás belts have similar REE patterns, characterized by a slight enrichment in LREE coupled with almost flat HREE, but differ in their inter-incompatible element ratios. Compared with those from Pilar de Goiás and Guarinos, samples from the Santa Rita belt have fractionated REE patterns with LREE enrichment, as well as high Al₂O₃ contents, corresponding to Al-undepleted komatiites. Komatiites from Crixás have the lowest (La/Sm)_N, (La/Yb)_N, and Zr/Zr* ratios compared with their equivalents from the other belts, which suggests their source was relatively depleted in LREE and high field strength elements (HFSE), probably due to the retention of garnet in the residue. Komatiites from the Guarinos, Pilar de Goiás, and Santa Rita greenstone belts are enriched in incompatible elements, which can be attributed to either low-degree partial melting at high pressures or a source previously enriched in incompatible elements. Some of the studied komatiites belong to Al- and HREE-depleted and others to the Al- and HREE-undepleted types. The depleted komatiites probably derived by melting at depths greater than 200 km, the undepleted at less than 200 km. Therefore, the komatiites of the four belts may have been derived from either one single mantle plume with different melting depths or sources from distinct plumes.     

三江地区北段主攻矿种及矿床类型研究

通过对三江地区北段地质、地球化学、地球物理等资料的综合分析,提供了三江北段矿产资源综合预测图,划分出8个重点成矿远景区(带),同时指出了各成矿远景区(带)内主攻矿种及可能的矿床类型。三江北段主攻矿种是铜矿、金矿、银铅锌矿及以铜为主的多金属矿,而矿床类型大多为热液型、火山型和岩浆型,这些研究在该区的找矿工作中具有重要的参考和利用价值。     

湘南香花岭锡铅锌多金属矿田的云母类型及对成矿的指示

湘南癞子岭花岗质复式岩体是香花岭锡铅锌多金属矿田的主要成矿岩体,其中云母广泛出现在各期次岩（矿）体之中。笔者等在对癞子岭岩体岩相学研究的基础上,开展全岩主微量元素地球化学分析,同时对岩浆成因云母（花岗岩中的云母）、热液成因云母（矿化云英岩、晶洞矿物集合体以及条纹岩中的云母）进行了电子探针分析。结果表明,癞子岭岩体为一套高钾钙碱性—钾玄质、准铝质—过铝质花岗岩,癞子岭岩体中的云母主要为铁锂云母,从早期到晚期,呈现出FeO和Al2O3含量降低,K2O、F、MnO和Rb2O含量升高,且Pb、Zn、Fe等成矿元素含量逐渐增加的特征。热液成因云母分为以下两种： ① 产于矿化云英岩和晶洞矿物集合体中的云母主要形成于流体出溶的早期,无围岩组分参与,云母类型由铁锂云母演化为锂云母,主要沉淀Fe、Zn、Pb、Mo等成矿元素;② 产于条纹岩中的云母晚于矿化云英岩和晶洞矿物集合体中的云母,有围岩组分参与,云母类型由黑鳞云母变为富镁黑云母和富铁黑云母再变为金云母,主要沉淀Fe、Sn和W等成矿元素。随着流体演化,云母呈现SiO2、F、K2O含量逐渐降低,MgO含量逐渐升高,相应的成矿元素从富Fe 、Zn、Pb、Mo逐渐过渡到富Fe 、Sn和W。     

Chemical Features of White Micas from the Piemonte Calc-schists, Western Alps and Implications for K–Ar Ages of Metamorphism

Anomalously large chemical ranges in muscovite-paragonite and muscovite-celadonite systems are observed in white micas from the Piemonte calcschists in the Chisone valley area, internal western Alps. The petrographical and chemical observations on white mica strongly suggest that most mica crystals with high Na/K ratios in the chlorite zone are of detrital origin, and were derived from the pre-Alpine high-temperature metamorphic sequence such the Caledonian and/or Variscan. Submicroscopic muscovite (Ms) - paragonite (Pg) composite aggregates occur in the chlorite zone and their EPMA analyses give an apparent chemical composition range from Ms_0.6Pg_0.4 to Ms_0.2Pg_0.8. In the rutile zone, the paragonite content of the white micas is less than 20%, suggesting that the white micas have been homogenized during the Alpine metamorphism even if detrital white micas existed.Metamorphic mica is also very heterogeneous. The total range in Si content becomes wider with increasing of metamorphic grade: 3.22–3.39 pfu for the chlorite zone, 3.07–3.45 pfu for the chloritoid zone and 3.06–3.59 pfu for the rutile zone. This clearly indicates that the micas have experienced significant retrogressive chemical reactions during cooling and exhumations of the host schists.The detrital white mica in the chlorite zone has not reset well in its K-Ar system during the Alpine subduction-related metamorphism. The wide range of the white mica K-Ar ages from 115 to 41 Ma must be due to a mixture of various amounts of detrital white mica in the separates. This feature is also observed in the chloritoid zone though the age variation is not so large as that in the chlorite zone. In contrast, the mica in the rutile zone, which was higher than 450°C, has been reset completely during Alpine HP metamorphism.     

云母的命名

定义云母为层状硅酸盐。其结构单元由两个相向排列的四面体片（Ｔｓ）和夹于其间的一个八面体片（Ｏｓ）组成。这些片构成一个单元层,层与层之间被非水化层间阳离子（Ｉ）分开,其顺序是：非水化阳离子层、四面体片、八面体片、四面体片、非水化阳离子层、四面体片、八面...