云南省年度地震重点危险区市县监测预报工作调研报告

地市地震监测机构是做好地市防震减灾工作的中坚力量,随着监测预报工作的不断加强,提升地市地震监测机构专业能力迫在眉睫。结合社会功能、职责任务、人员和岗位结构,明确了地市地震监测机构的定位,指出了提升其专业能力的重大意义。在此基础上,分析了地市地震监测机构专业能力的基本要求和现状,提出了提升专业能力的根本途径和保障措施。     

面向2035年我国能源发展的思考与建议

富油煤作为一种集煤、油、气为一体的特殊非常规油气资源,通过原位热解可转化为高附加值焦油、可燃气及半焦固体燃料等,具有解决传统煤炭工业发展过程中绿色开发、清洁低碳利用难题的潜力。在减少煤炭开采污染、提高能效利用等方面,为碳达峰碳中和(“双碳”)目标的实现提供了新的解决方案,也为我国寻求油气资源战略依赖突围提供了重要路径参考。然而,目前国内富油煤地下原位热解的研究仅限于少数先导性试验研究,对于富油煤原位热解的地质环境影响研究与全生命周期地质保障技术探索亟待开展。

基于富油煤开发原位热解的地质环境扰动响应特征,重点探讨了富油煤原位热解对热解区岩体变质、覆岩损伤变形、地下水扰动、地表沉降及地表生态环境等方面的影响,总结了富油煤原位热解地质条件评价与过程监测主要内容和测试技术,梳理了富油煤原位热解地质保障面临的挑战。同时,结合理论研究、技术方法、感测装备、传感单元、数据解译、多源信息融合和工程实践等内容认识,提出了构建富油煤原位热解地质保障技术体系的思考。

分析认为,在富油煤原位热解的新型资源转化利用模式条件下,迫切需要研发与之相匹配的地质保障技术,制定完整的开发、设计、施工、评价方法和标准,以规范和引导富油煤热解技术的发展与应用。此外,还需要在充分挖掘和利用富油煤油气资源固有优势的基础上,积极推动富油煤清洁利用技术的研发创新、安全生产标准的提升以及生态环境保护的深度融合,为煤炭工业实现绿色转型和高效可持续发展提供全面的战略对策与保障。

     

台风海况下半潜式钻井平台动力性能监测与分析

半潜式钻井平台在海洋油气资源开发中发挥着重要作用,目前主要采用模型试验和数值模拟方法对其动力性能进行研究,非常缺乏台风等极端海况下半潜式平台动力响应的实海域监测数据。以某半潜式钻井平台为研究对象,构建了一套比较完善的平台动力性能监测系统,并对台风“杜苏芮”过境阶段的监测数据进行了分析。根据平台艏部气隙及运动监测数据推算了平台吃水及环境波高;采用随机波浪的统计分析方法,计算得到短期海况的有效波高、谱峰周期、能量谱等信息,通过与多种典型海浪谱对比发现Jonswap谱与所测波谱吻合较好;对平台的横摇、纵摇及垂荡运动进行了时域统计分析和频域谱分析,得到了台风海况下被测平台波频运动的实际响应特征,对于指导平台抗台作业具有重要意义。     

A new global alignment approach for underwater optical mapping

Lately, underwater vehicles have become important tools for exploration, monitoring and creation of maps of the seabed. Within mapping applications, the maps obtained from optical data are becoming essential in different study areas such as biological, geological and archaeological surveys, or in detection of benthic temporal changes. However, the underwater medium is very challenging for optical sensors and does not allow the area of interest to be imaged in a single image. Therefore, image mosaicing methods are necessary. Although recent advances in detection of correspondences between images have resulted in highly effective image registration methods, global alignment methods are still needed to obtain a globally coherent mosaic. In this paper, we propose a new global alignment method which works on the mosaic frame and does not require non-linear optimisation. Additionally, a simple image rectifying method is presented to reduce the down-scaling effect which might occur when minimising errors defined in the mosaic frame. Moreover, this rectifying method can also be seen as an alternative and straightforward way of incorporating different sensor information if available. The proposed framework has been tested with underwater image sequences. The resulting method is faster than its counterparts while providing the same level of registration quality.     

气象卫星用于近海污染监测及赤潮预报方法探索

近年来，由于工农业和沿海养殖业的发展，我国近海污染逐年加重，赤潮发生频次增加。因此，监测近海污染和赤潮发生预报方法研究势在必行。本文用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ数据，分析近海水域污染状况，并探索赤潮发生的预报方法。     

Application research of narrow band Internet of things buoy and surface hydrodynamics monitoring

This paper applies the narrow band Internet of things communication technology to develop a wireless network equipment and communication system, which can quickly set up a network with a radius of 100 km on water surface. A disposable micro buoy based on narrow-band Internet of things and Beidou positioning function is also developed and used to collect surface hydrodynamic data online. In addition, a web-based public service platform is designed for the analysis and visualization of the data collected by buoys. Combined with the satellite remote sensing data, the study carries a series of marine experiments and studies such as sediment deposition tracking and garbage floating tracking.     

深水海底管道铺设安全辅助系统

此次研发的铺管安全辅助系统是一套自动化、简易化、旨在提高安装经济性和安全性的实时运行安全辅助系统,通过实时数据采集及处理,达到对安装期海管强度进行实时监测目的。系统组成包括设备系统和监测软件两部分。设备为系统提供辅助决策数据源;监测软件采用C++语言编写,用于数据接收、解析,并通过OrcaFlex API调用商业有限元软件OrcaFlex为分析内核进行实时分析计算,以可视化界面输出管道应力、应变、触地点等信息,给予船上作业人员安全指导,及时作出决策。     

Dose of truth—Monitoring marine non-indigenous species to serve legislative requirements

Non-indigenous species (NIS) are recognized as a global threat to biodiversity and monitoring their presence and impacts is considered a prerequisite for marine environmental management and sustainable development. However, monitoring for NIS seldom takes place except for a few baseline surveys. With the goal of serving the requirements of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the EU Regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species, the paper highlights the importance of early detection of NIS in dispersal hubs for a rapid management response, and of long-term monitoring for tracking the effects of NIS within recipient ecosystems, including coastal systems especially vulnerable to introductions. The conceptual framework also demonstrates the need for port monitoring, which should serve the above mentioned requirements but also provide the required information for implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments. Large scale monitoring of native, cryptogenic and NIS in natural and man-made habitats will collectively lead to meeting international requirements. Cost-efficient rapid assessments of target species may provide timely information for managers and policy-advisers focusing on particular NIS at particular localities, but this cannot replace long-term monitoring. To support legislative requirements, collected data should be verified and stored in a publicly accessible and routinely updated database/information system. Public involvement should be encouraged as part of monitoring programs where feasible.     

Field measurements and monitoring of wastewater discharge in sea water

This paper reports a study of the field measurements and monitoring of wastewater discharge in sea water at Bari East (Italy). A wastewater sea outfall system is an integral and fundamental part of each wastewater treatment with ultimate sink in the sea water. The design of a water treatment plant and wastewater outfall must take into account the use of the environmental water, the values of physicochemical parameters to be respected in order to safeguard the use itself and the quality of the environmental water where wastewater is issued. In the present study measurements of sea current velocity components were carried out with a VM-ADP (Vessel-Mounted Acoustic Doppler Profiler). Salinity, wind directions and velocities were assessed with, for one survey, the total faecal coliforms and other biochemical parameters. It was emphasized that the measurements necessary for monitoring cannot be concentrated in the wastewater outfall pipe zone only, but should be extended to a neighbouring area of the outfall pipe, with an extension depending on the wastewater discharge, the polluting charge and the magnitude of the sea currents and the winds typical of the zone of interest. The analyses presented in this paper confirm that the sea zones close to the wastewater outfall pipe are particularly sensitive and vulnerable. Such results must be considered in the planning of a wastewater outfall pipe.     

Measuring the benefits and costs of community education and outreach in marine protected areas

Conservation organizations often invest considerable resources in education and outreach activities in and around marine protected areas (MPAs). The expectation is that such efforts will change local knowledge, attitudes and ultimately behavior. This is one of the first studies to assess the efficacy of using education and outreach activities to improve community knowledge and attitudes about an MPA. Random sample surveys in 2005 and 2010 (n=1213) before and after education and outreach activities are compared. Program budgets for the same period give the investment levels. With an investment level averaging US$24 per capita/year, the result was an average increase of 33% in “yes” responses across 15 indicators of knowledge and attitudes towards marine conservation. The increase in knowledge and positive attitudes was associated with a large decrease in “not sure” responses, suggesting that community members with fewer initial preconceptions are the most effective target for education and outreach activities. This study demonstrates that investments in MPA education and outreach can generate increases in local knowledge and positive attitudes, and changing knowledge and attitudes is expected to contribute to the long-term compliance with MPA regulations.