不同地理种群大黄鱼染色体核型的比较研究

大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)),隶属于鲈形目(Perciformes),石首鱼科(Scieani-dae),黄鱼属(Pseudosciaena),是我国重要的海水养殖种类.近年来,经过长期的人工繁育和人工养殖,大黄鱼的性状有了较大的变化.主要表现为个体小型化,性成熟提前,抗病力下降等.目前有关大黄鱼遗传背景的研究还十分缺乏,相关的研究仅见于国内学者对养殖、野生大黄鱼的染色体核型、同工酶酶谱、不同群体遗传多样性水平的研究[1~7],这些研究多是针对我国沿海3个大黄鱼地理种群之一的闽粤东族进行的.     

Requirements for observations from chemodynamical models

Chemodynamical models view the evolution of galaxies in the context of an ISM that is influenced both by the stars that it has made and the effects of the gravitational potential of the host system. While these models include complicated interactions within galaxies, they also exhibit general features, such as regulated star formation rates, mixing between various gas phases in the interstellar medium, and the transport of metals over large distances. These predictions are the basis for initial observational tests of the models, where good qualitative agreement is found, and offer a foundation for future quantitative comparisons with chemodynamical models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

秘鲁南部阿雷基帕段海岸岩基带找矿方向探讨

通过详细的岩相学和锆石U-Pb年龄的研究,秘鲁海岸岩基带阿雷基帕段的填图工作得到了补充,该岩基带岩浆活动可分为7个阶段和4个旋回,各阶段都显示出不同的岩浆容量,其地貌主要表现为岩基和岩脉。旋回Ⅰ和旋回Ⅱ代表侏罗纪岩浆活动阶段（201~145Ma）,岩浆分异为辉长岩到花岗岩;旋回Ⅲ和旋回Ⅳ代表白垩纪岩浆,岩浆分异为英云闪长岩-二长花岗岩、闪长岩与花岗闪长岩及英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩。对角闪石和黑云母矿物晶体的数量关系研究表明,旋回Ⅰ的侵入岩有大量辉石和角闪石结晶,并伴随金-铁成矿作用;旋回Ⅱ有大量的群集角闪石晶体和呈定向排列或群集的六边形黑云母,且伴随铜-金-铁成矿作用;旋回Ⅲ侵入岩内发育角闪石和黑云母,伴随着金-铜和铁成矿作用;旋回Ⅳ发育大量角闪石和六边形黑云母,岩石更偏长英质,并伴随铜-锌-金-银-铁和铜-金-钼成矿作用。     

European quaternary refugia: a factor in large carnivore extinction?

The extinction of large carnivores in Europe during the Quaternary is reviewed and the potential role of glacial refugia in these extinctions is investigated using the VORTEX model for population viability analysis. A model was built for a medium sized big cat similar to the extinct Panthera gombaszoegensis utilising life history data from the modern jaguar Panthera onca. This approach highlighted the potential importance of glacial refugia in the extinction process. Even model refugia the size of the Italian peninsula did not guarantee persistence of a population over a 1000 yr time span, illustrating the role of chance in survival in such a refugium. An area the size of the largest Mediterranean island was unable to support a big cat population for a period of 1000 yr. The models also demonstrated the importance of inbreeding as a mechanism for extinction in refugia. It is suggested that repeated genetic bottlenecks during successive glaciations would tend to remove lethal recessive alleles from the population, increasing the probability of survival in refugia in subsequent glaciations. The history of extinction of large carnivores in the European Quaternary is interpreted in the light of these results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genetic variability analysis in five populations of the sea cucumber Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus from China,Russia, South Korea and Japan as revealed by microsatellite markers

The genetic structure of populations of the sea cucumber Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus was investigated using 10 microsatellite markers. In all, 152 individuals from five natural populations were collected from Aomori, Japan (JA and JR), Yosu, South Korea (KY), Dalian, China (CD) and Vladivostock, Russia (RV). A total of 145 alleles were found at 10 loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 9 at PSC03 to 20 at SCZ06, with an average of 14.5. Average H_o and H_e ranged from 0.260 (JR) to 0.434 (JA) and from 0.654 (RV) to 0.778 (KY), respectively. No significant differences at A, H_o and H_e were found, indicating similar genetic diversity in the five populations. A single allele was found at the PSC05 locus in the RV population. Of the 50 loci, 42 significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, all showing heterozygote deficiency. The genetic distances were all relatively great, ranging from 0.497 (between JA and KY) to 1.029 (between KY and JR). This suggests the five populations are genetically distinct. Cluster analysis indicated that JA, KY and CD form one branch and RV and JR another in the UPGMA tree. A hypothesis is proposed for the evolution of the Japanese red sea cucumbers and the genetic relationship among the populations.     

Reassessing the invasion of South African waters by the European shore-crab Carcinus maenas

The European shore-crab Carcinus maenas has been present in South Africa since 1983. Despite this species’ international reputation as a biological invader, its distribution in this region has only been considered by three outdated ‘snapshot surveys.’ The present study is the most comprehensive to date, providing an update on the species’ range and the first temporal assessment of its abundance and demographics. Along South Africa's Cape Peninsula and surrounding areas, C. maenas was absent from 12 intertidal sites surveyed, except for Sea Point, and no crabs were found during subtidal surveys along the open coastline. Subtidal harbour populations were recorded in the Cape Town harbours of Table Bay and Hout Bay (previously estimated as comprising approximately 164 200 and 6 500 individuals, respectively). Table Bay was surveyed monthly for one year, using baited traps, crab condos and postlarvae settlement collectors, to assess size distributions and reproductive seasonality of the crab. Reproductive females were recorded throughout most of the year. These results suggest that the harbour populations could be targeted by control programmes, but provide no strong evidence to support the initiation of management action during a particular season. The lack of detection of postlarval settlement, even among well-established populations, suggests this will not be a useful monitoring tool for detecting incursions.     

鄂尔多斯半日花居群间营养器官的解剖学研究

对鄂尔多斯半日花不同居群间营养器官进行解剖学比较和分析,发现它们都具明显的旱生植物特征。但是由于其生境不同,叶表现为宽叶与细叶两种类型生长于沟边坡下较湿润环境的植株的叶较宽,一般不反卷,称其为宽叶型;生长于干燥阳坡上较干旱环境的植株的叶较窄,常反卷为针形,称其为细叶型。宽叶型的叶比细叶型的叶宽、长、厚,但角质层比细叶型薄,表皮毛比细叶型少,外切向壁不加厚,叶肉有栅栏组织和海绵组织的区别,上表皮气孔不下陷,由大型薄壁细胞形成维管束鞘。细叶型的叶上表皮气孔强烈下陷,叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织的区别,由木质化或栓质化细胞形成维管束鞘。同时,将鄂尔多斯半日花与其他几种旱生、中生植物叶的解剖特征进行了比较,其解剖学特征基本同其他几种旱生植物。     

长江、黄河、辽河水系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)野生和养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析*

我国中华绒螯蟹(以下简称河蟹)养殖主要集中在长江、黄河和辽河流域, 经过多年的人工养殖、跨流域引种和增殖放流等活动可能会对其遗传特性造成一定的影响,因此本研究利用29个微卫星标记对3个水系的野生和养殖群体进行了遗传特征分析。结果表明：(1) 29个SSR标记共检测到943个等位基因,各位点等位基因数在11-52之间, 平均为32.52个; 各位点的平均观测和期望杂合度分别为0.723和0.876,仅5个位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡中;各位点平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.864,其中28个为高多态性位点(PIC>0.5)。(2) 6个群体均表现出较高的遗传杂合度水平(H_O=0.702-0.744);香农信息指数(I,介于2.566-2.661)显示6群体的遗传多样性水平依次为：长江野生>长江养殖>黄河野生>辽河养殖>黄河养殖>辽河野生。(3)方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,来源于种群内个体间和个体内部的变异分别为14.02%和85.88%,群体遗传分化指数F_ST仅为0.0008-0.0050,群体间的遗传分化处于较低水平(F_ST<0.05);基于Nei’s遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果显示,长江野生群体单独聚为一支, 其余5群体共同聚为大一支, 其中长江养殖群体、黄河野生群体与黄河养殖群体聚为一小支,辽河野生群体和养殖群体聚为另一小支。(4) 瓶颈效应分析显示,所有群体近期均经历过有效种群的降低。群体遗传结构分析显示显示,6种群内个体的遗传组成混杂,不能根据其遗传结构划分出最佳理论群体数。综上所述,三水系野生和养殖群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,长江和黄河野生群体的遗传多样性略高于养殖群体;三水系河蟹野生群体的遗传分化与地理距离具有一定的相关性,长江养殖群体、黄河野生及养殖群体间的遗传分化较小可能与其跨流域引种及养殖群体逃逸造成其种质混杂有关。