基于匹配追踪分解的流体活动因子预测煤层气甜点区

煤层气勘探与开发是我国非常规油气资源勘探的热点之一,近年来已取得了较多突破性进展,但煤层非均质性强,吸附态为主的煤层气识别困难,勘探开发风险大,因此在钻井资料较少及叠后地震资料未充分利用的情况下,充分利用地震资料的横向变化特征,精确刻画煤层气“甜点”区分布具有重要意义。常规叠后地震反演能够识别煤层,但无法预测煤层的含气性,而基于地震波衰减理论的流体活动因子能够有效表征储层的渗透性,识别含气煤储层。提出将流体活动因子与高精度匹配追踪算法相结合,充分发掘已有叠后地震数据信息,在高精度地震信号时频分解的基础上,建立含气煤层与地震波衰减的联系,求取流体活动性属性,实现高精度煤层气“甜点”识别。该方法忠实于地震数据,不受构造及层序解释的影响,能客观反映煤层的含气性。理论模型试算和在沁水盆地煤层气勘探中的实际应用证明了该方法的可行性及有效性。     

煤层气藏数值模拟垂向网格优化

数值模拟是研究煤层气藏工程的一种常规方法,建立模型时人们常忽略垂向网格精细程度对模拟的影响,无法准确反映出垂向上流体流动规律、气水分异现象以及压降漏斗展布等,对模拟结果有很大影响。为了研究垂向网格划分精度对煤层气藏数值模拟过程的影响,采用不同模拟器对垂向网格的精细程度进行模拟计算,运用渗透率等效方法、局部网格加密方法和模拟器自带压裂方法模拟煤层压裂缝,总共模拟了3种方法15套方案。结果表明,垂向网格划分精度对煤层气生产影响较大,当网格步长达到1.5m时计算结果较为精确,可以满足模拟需求。网格数量及网格步长的合理划分,能够更好地呈现煤层中气水分异现象,有助于分析气水流动状态,便于历史拟合和产量预测。     

天然气甲烷碳同位素动力学研究及其应用:以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉2气田为例

通过有压力的黄金管封闭体系生烃模拟实验和GC-IRMS测定,结合GOR-Isotope Kinetics专用软件,求取了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系烃源岩生成甲烷的碳同位素动力学参数。结合地质背景,探讨了克拉2气田天然气的成因。克拉2气田天然气主要来源于早中侏罗世煤系烃源岩,属阶段捕获气,为-5Ma以来的天然气聚集,对应成熟度范围Ro为1．3％-2．5％。在此基础上,建立了克拉2气田天然气运聚成藏动力学模式,从而为天然气定量评价和动态研究提供了新思路。     

中国煤层气勘探开发技术

中国煤层气资源丰富，近１０年在煤层气勘探开发技术方面形成了包括煤层气钻井取心、试井、完井、强化压裂和排采系统配套的工程工艺技术。介绍了这套煤层气勘探开发工程工艺技术的基本内容、特点及应用情况。     

Kinetic Parameters of Methane Generated from Source Rocks in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin and Their Application

In a thermal simulation experiment of gold tubes of closed-system, calculating with the KINETICS and GOR-ISOTOPE KINETICS software, kinetic parameters of gas generation and methane carbon isotopic fractionation from Triassic-Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks in the Kuqa depression of Tarim Basin are obtained. The activation energies of methane generated from Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone in the Kuqa Depression are 197-268 kJ/mol, 180-260 kJ/mol and 214-289 kJ/mol, respectively, and their frequency factors are 5.265×10^13 s^-1, 9.761×10^11 s^-1 and 2.270×10^14 s^-1. This reflects their differences of hydrocarbon generation behaviors. The kinetic parameters of methane carbon isotopic fractionation are also different in Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone, whose average activation energies are 228 kJ/mol, 205 kJ/mol and 231 kJ/mol, respectively. Combined with the geological background, the origin of natural gas in the Yinan-2 gas pool is discussed, and an accumulation model of natural gas is thus established. The Yinan- 2 gas is primarily derived from Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks in the Yangxia Sag. Main gas accumulation time is 5-0 Ma and the corresponding Ro is in the range from 1.25 %-1.95 %. The loss rate of natural gas is 25 %-30 %.     

气相色谱法测定煤层瓦斯中低浓度氢气和氦气

利用HP 5890气相色谱仪热导检测器小热导池高灵敏度及大进样量的特点,建立了煤层中低浓度He、H2的气相色谱测定方法,并可同时测定常量CH4。对气相色谱工作条件进行了优化,确定的最佳工作条件是:13X分子筛填充柱,热导检测器(TCD),载气流速为35~42mL/m in,色谱柱温度50℃,汽化室温度50℃,检测室温度100℃,3 mL定量环。He、H2的线性工作范围分别为0.95~19μL/L和2.4~48μL/L,RSD(n=8)分别为1.60%和4.54%,方法的检出限为0.5μL/L。实验了铝箔气袋、橡胶气球和盐水瓶不同包装的样品进样方式及测定情况,结果表明铝箔气袋是最佳选择,盐水瓶次之,橡胶气球对气体有一定的吸附作用。     

煤储层固—液—气相间作用的等温吸附实验研究

在介绍体积法等温吸附实验原理的基础上，阐述了平衡水煤样等温吸附实验方法，重点探讨了煤的注水实验和注水煤样的等温吸附实验技术，讨论了等温吸附实验结果的信息提取和意义。研究表明：液态水对煤基质吸附气体有显著影响，作用机理与甲烷气体同时运动于气液界面和固气界面之间有关。     

多分支水平井在煤层气开发中的应用机理分析

应用多分支水平井开发煤层气资源,受到煤层地质条件和分支井眼几何形态等主控因素的制约,只有将二者有机结合并进行井身结构优化,才能发挥多分支水平井的效率。多分支水平井增产机理在于能够有效沟通煤层割理和裂缝系统,增加各分支井眼的波及面积和泄气面积,降低裂隙内气液两相流的流动阻力,加速流体的排出,提高单井产量和采出程度。通过对沁水煤层气田的数值模拟与经济评价可知,用多分支水平井开发煤层气具有明显的经济效益优势。     

Methane and carbon dioxide adsorption–diffusion experiments on coal: upscaling and modeling

Numerical modelling of the processes of CO₂ storage in coal and enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) production requires information on the kinetics of adsorption and desorption processes. In order to address this issue, the sorption kinetics of CO₂ and CH₄ were studied on a high volatile bituminous Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) coal (VR_r=0.68%) from the Upper Silesian Basin of Poland in the dry and moisture-equilibrated states. The experiments were conducted on six different grain size fractions, ranging from <0.063 to 3 mm at temperatures of 45 and 32 °C, using a volumetric experimental setup. CO₂ sorption was consistently faster than CH₄ sorption under all experimental conditions. For moist coals, sorption rates of both gases were reduced by a factor of more than 2 with respect to dry coals and the sorption rate was found to be positively correlated with temperature. Generally, adsorption rates decreased with increasing grain size for all experimental conditions.Based on the experimental results, simple bidisperse modelling approaches are proposed for the sorption kinetics of CO₂ and CH₄ that may be readily implemented into reservoir simulators. These approaches consider the combination of two first-order reactions and provide, in contrast to the unipore model, a perfect fit of the experimental pressure decay curves. The results of this modeling approach show that the experimental data can be interpreted in terms of a fast and a slow sorption process. Half-life sorption times as well as the percentage of sorption capacity attributed to each of the two individual steps have been calculated.Further, it was shown that an upscaling of the experimental and modelling results for CO₂ and CH₄ can be achieved by performing experiments on different grain size fractions under the same experimental conditions.In addition to the sorption kinetics, sorption isotherms of the samples with different grain size fractions have been related to the variations in ash and maceral composition of the different grain size fractions.     

基于产生式系统的煤层气井排采异常识别技术

煤层气井排采过程中易出现排采异常的问题,研究煤层气井排采异常识别对煤层气高效开发具有重要意义。总结了煤层气井常见排采异常类型,并选取了压力、产量、冲次、电流4个参数作为特征参数,基于模拟人类思维方式的产生式专家系统,通过分析4个特征参数与生产状态的对应关系,构建了12个煤层气井常见的产生式规则,并采用正向推理的方式设计了推理机,实现了煤层气井常见排采异常类型的有效识别。实例表明,用产生式规则推理技术来识别煤层气井排采异常类型,具有过程简单、结论准确的优点。