Wellbore breakouts of the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) and determination of the present tectonic stress state

The Sulu-Dabie high-pressure (HP)-ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt as the product of subduction-collision between the northern China plate and Yangtze plate underwent a process of formation and evolution from deep subduction→exhumation→extension→slow uplift. The study of its modern tectonic stress field has great significance for a complete understanding of the process of formation and evolution of the HP-UHP metamorphic belt, especially the exhumation and uplift of the belt. Wellbore breakouts are the most visual tectonic phenomenon which can characterize the modern stress action in the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD). Ultrasonic borehole televiewer reflection wave data show that wellbore breakouts began to occur at 1216 m depth of the main borehole. A total of 143 borehole televiewer images were collected from 1216 to 5118 m depth (hole completion depth). After data processing and statistics, the average azimuth of the long dimension of the wellbore breakout obtained was 319.5° ± 3.5°, indicating that the average azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress causing wellbore breakout initiation was 49.5° ± 3.5°. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress values at 52 depths in the interval of 1269 to 5047 m were estimated using the elements of wellbore shapes (wellbore depth and width), combined with the cohesive strength and internal frictional angle of the rock obtained by rock mechanical tests on samples, and the static load stresses at corresponding depths were calculated according to the rock density logging data. The results indicate that: the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses are 41.4 and 25.3 MPa at 1269 m depth respectively and 164.7 and 122 MPa at 5047 m depth respectively; the maximum vertical stress is 141.3 MPa at 5047 m depth with a density of 2.8 g/cm³; the in-situ stresses increase nearly linearly with depth. The magnitudes and directions of the three principal stresses reflect that the regional stress field around the CCSD main borehole is mainly in a strike-slip state, which is consistent with the basic features of the regional stress field determined using other methods.     

阜平杂岩中低品位磁铁矿的形成与深熔作用的关系

在中-高级变质的阜平杂岩中可以形成低品位磁铁矿.除碎屑岩中继承的磁铁矿外,新生变质磁铁矿多呈斑晶,可出现于多种岩石类型,如变基性岩、中性岩、酸性岩和变沉积岩中,表明新生磁铁矿的形成不受层位控制.磁铁矿可由物理重结晶和化学反应2种形式形成,重结晶过程主要为矿物颗粒的加粗,但没有明显的脱水反应.变质化学反应形成的磁铁矿与各单元所经受的后期变质事件改造有关,这类磁铁矿的出现与岩石中TFe的含量没有必然的联系,关键在于变质反应中是否有适量的铁组分的迁移和富集.变质反应过程中,初期黑云母变质转化形成角闪石,即变质反应不全是脱水或吸水过程,表明阜平杂岩主要的变质过程发生在含水体系中.在进一步的变质改造中,黑云母、角闪石可深熔转化形成磁铁矿.在片麻岩的含水熔融过程中,Mg、Ca优先迁移,而Fe(Ti,Al)迁移微弱,造成Fe(Ti,Al)与Mg组分的分离,残留的相对富铁组分形成磁铁矿、钛铁矿.磁铁矿结晶时没有明显的挤压或剪切,张应力可能占主导地位,相应的深熔作用主要发生在构造静应力期或体系略微抬升的过程中.     

Self-similar fractal analysis of gold mineralization of Dayingezhuang disseminated-veinlet deposit in Jiaodong gold province,China

The mineralization degree in drifts in the Dayingezhuang disseminated-veinlet gold deposit in Jiaodong gold Province, China, can be categorized into non-mineralized, weakly mineralized, moderately mineralized and intensely mineralized ranks based on the number of the gold grades greater than cut-off. The grades sampled equidistantly and continuously along different drifts at − 140 m, − 175 m and − 210 m levels of the deposit are systematically calculated via the self-similar fractal model. The grade distributions often show bifractal characteristics, including two or three non-scale ranges. It shows that with the increase of mineralized rank, the fractal dimension of the second non-scale range decreases and the corresponding threshold becomes greater. The dimension decrease comes from the increase of proportion of the wider microfracture in the ore-controlling structure system; and the threshold increase is a result from the magnitude elevation of the microfractures from the extension-shear zone to compression-shear zone. The smaller fractal dimension means the proportion of the higher gold grades increases, suggesting the thickness of the orebody is proportional to its mean gold grade.     

个旧地区区域地球化学环境的系统评价

以云南个旧地区区域地球化学资料为基础,结合医学地质学、农业地质学和环境地质学的研究成果,对个旧地区区域地球化学环境进行了深入的讨论,引入并运用FCA模糊综合评价对个旧地区区域地球化学环境进行了系统评价,得出了个旧地区630 km~2范围内区域人居地球化学环境污染严重的结论,其原因既有第一环境的先天不足,也有第二环境的后天人为污染,应引起足够的重视.     

RS and GIS‐based Statistical Analysis of Secondary Geological Disasters after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

Abstract: Using RS and GIS means, this article analyzes the general geological characteristics and the structural belt distribution features in Wenchuan County, Sichuan province, P.R. China as well as the characteristics of the large-scale landslides, mud-rock flows, earthquake lakes, etc., after the earthquake on May 12, 2008. Based on the above work, comprehensive indoor and outdoor research is launched on disaster distribution characteristics and their relationship with earthquakes, terrains, strata, lithology, and structures. Weights of evidence method is utilized to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the spatial distribution of secondary geological disasters after the earthquake occurred. 3 remedying grades for secondary geological disasters are derived from the results of the weights of Evidence, followed by suggestions given to remedy earthquake secondary disasters.     

浅论津巴布韦康尼玛拉（Connemara）金矿床地质特征及其找矿意义

康尼玛拉金矿床的形成与太古宙绿岩带、前寒武系变质岩关系密切,矿体、矿化蚀变体主要受NNW向断裂构造控制,属破碎蚀变岩型金矿,围岩蚀变发育,硅化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化与矿化关系密切,该矿区具有良好的找矿前景。     

西成铅锌矿田厂坝―李家沟矿床矿石组构特征

西成铅锌矿田位于西秦岭造山带内,该区铅锌矿床点星罗棋布,含矿建造为浅海相--滨海相碎屑岩--碳酸盐岩沉积建造,矿床的生成和分布明显受层位控制,矿床类型可分为沉积变质岩型和沉积变质再造型。本文以厂坝--李家沟铅锌矿床为例,探讨典型矿石组构特征,分析区域变质对岩矿石结构、构造的影响,对比不同矿床类型矿石结构、构造差异,对本区矿产地质及成因研究和勘查找矿具有参考意义。     

山东早前寒武纪变质地层形成年代——锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年的证据

在鲁西地区,确定了泰山岩群主体形成时代为2 750-2 700 Ma,属新太古代早期。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年：雁翎关组角闪变粒岩（2 747±7）Ma,柳杭组黑云变粒岩（2 739±16）Ma、（2 703±6）Ma,侵入雁翎关组底部透闪阳起片岩的片麻状石英闪长岩（2 740±6）Ma。济宁（岩）群碎屑锆石年龄（2 700-2 665）Ma,岩浆锆石年龄（2 561±24）Ma,所以济宁（岩）群形成于新太古代晚期,而不是以往认为的古元古代。在鲁东地区,发现了中太古代表壳岩系、花岗质岩石和新太古代早期TTG花岗质岩石;荆山群和粉子山群的形成时代为古元古代晚期。荆山群大理岩被锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄（1 868±11）Ma、（1 852±9）Ma的莱州组合西水夼单元辉长岩、闪长岩侵入,并一起遭受变质变形作用改造。     

藏北羌塘中部高压变质带中石榴子石白云母片岩的岩石学和变质特征

羌塘中部的高压变质带位于龙木错-双湖-澜沧江板块缝合带之上,由榴辉岩、蓝片岩和石榴子石白云母片岩组成,其形成过程对探讨板块缝合带的构造演化具有重要意义。以其中的石榴子石白云母片岩为研究对象,通过岩相学研究并结合电子探针成分分析,认为石榴子石白云母片岩中的石榴子石具有多期次变质结晶的特征,保留了岩石多期次变质的信息。结合岩石组构特征,最终确定石榴子石白云母片岩至少经历了3期次的变质作用。第一、二期均为绿片岩相,当时岩石不具定向构造且未达到高压;第三期为低温高压蓝片岩相变质作用,与区域上蓝片岩的形成及榴辉岩的蓝片岩相退变质作用大体同时,该期变质变形作用形成了岩石的片理,最终成为石榴子石白云母片岩,变质作用时代为218Ma左右。     

苏鲁超高压岩石部分熔融时间的准确限定：来自含黑云母花岗岩中锆石U-Pb定年、REE和Lu-Hf同位素的证据

在北苏鲁超高压变质带中,广泛分布强变形的新三叠纪含黑云母花岗岩和伟晶岩脉。锆石中矿物包体激光拉曼测试、阴极发光图像分析、不同性质锆石微区LA-(MC)-ICP-MS和SHRIMP U-Pb定年、REE及Lu-Hf同位素测试等综合研究结果表明,北苏鲁威海地区超高压正片麻岩在构造折返的 (高压)麻粒岩相升温减压阶段,发生部分熔融 (深熔)作用形成了花岗质岩浆,并在临近角闪岩相退变质作用之前结晶结束形成了含黑云母的花岗岩。该类含黑云母花岗岩中的锆石成因复杂,可划分为三类锆石微区。第一类为强发光效应 (白色)继承性岩浆锆石 (微区I),具有典型的岩浆结晶环带,矿物包体为Qtz+Kfs+Ap,记录的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为790~782Ma;第二类为新生锆石微区 (微区II),发光强度相对较弱 (灰色-灰白色),也具有较明显的岩浆结晶环带,矿物包体为Qtz+Kfs+Ab+Ap,记录的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为222~217Ma,加权平均年龄为219±2Ma,表明苏鲁超高压地体的部分熔融 (深熔)作用发生在新三叠纪,这组年龄比苏鲁地体超高压变质时代 (235~225Ma)明显偏新,指示部分熔融 (深熔)作用的时代要晚于苏鲁地体的超高压变质时代;第三类锆石微区 (微区III)围绕第二类锆石微区分布,发光强度最弱 (黑色),也具有典型的岩浆结晶环带,矿物包体十分少见,为Qtz+Ap,记录的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄集中于216~209Ma之间,加权平均年龄为214±2Ma,应代表部分熔融 (深熔)而成的岩浆结晶结束的年龄,这组年龄比苏鲁地体构造折返晚期角闪岩相退变质时代(210~200Ma)偏老,表明新生岩浆结晶结束的时间要早于角闪岩相退变质时代。继承性岩浆结晶锆石 (微区I) ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf(t)=0.281975~0.281984,¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf=0.00196~0.00221,ε_Hf(t)=-11.6~-11.8,相应的t_DM2=2160~2170Ma,与研究区周围新元古代 (795~730Ma)正片麻岩继承性岩浆结晶锆石的Lu-Hf同位素特征十分相似,表明新元古代正片麻岩是新三叠纪部分熔融 (深熔)成因的含黑云母花岗岩的母岩。新三叠纪新生岩浆结晶锆石的核部 (微区II)和边部 (微区III)具有类似的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf(t)、¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf比值和ε_Hf(t)值,¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf(t)=0.282110~0.282199,¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf=0.00041~0.00183,ε_Hf(t)=-15.8~-19.1,t_DM2=1980~2130Ma,表明新三叠纪由超高压正片麻岩部分熔融而成的岩浆自结晶开始到结束是在一个相对封闭体系条件下完成的。晚期角闪岩相退变质作用对其Lu-Hf同位素体系也未造成破坏。