Wellbore breakouts of the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) and determination of the present tectonic stress state

The Sulu-Dabie high-pressure (HP)-ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt as the product of subduction-collision between the northern China plate and Yangtze plate underwent a process of formation and evolution from deep subduction→exhumation→extension→slow uplift. The study of its modern tectonic stress field has great significance for a complete understanding of the process of formation and evolution of the HP-UHP metamorphic belt, especially the exhumation and uplift of the belt. Wellbore breakouts are the most visual tectonic phenomenon which can characterize the modern stress action in the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD). Ultrasonic borehole televiewer reflection wave data show that wellbore breakouts began to occur at 1216 m depth of the main borehole. A total of 143 borehole televiewer images were collected from 1216 to 5118 m depth (hole completion depth). After data processing and statistics, the average azimuth of the long dimension of the wellbore breakout obtained was 319.5° ± 3.5°, indicating that the average azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress causing wellbore breakout initiation was 49.5° ± 3.5°. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress values at 52 depths in the interval of 1269 to 5047 m were estimated using the elements of wellbore shapes (wellbore depth and width), combined with the cohesive strength and internal frictional angle of the rock obtained by rock mechanical tests on samples, and the static load stresses at corresponding depths were calculated according to the rock density logging data. The results indicate that: the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses are 41.4 and 25.3 MPa at 1269 m depth respectively and 164.7 and 122 MPa at 5047 m depth respectively; the maximum vertical stress is 141.3 MPa at 5047 m depth with a density of 2.8 g/cm³; the in-situ stresses increase nearly linearly with depth. The magnitudes and directions of the three principal stresses reflect that the regional stress field around the CCSD main borehole is mainly in a strike-slip state, which is consistent with the basic features of the regional stress field determined using other methods.     

内蒙古红山子地区新太古代变质侵入岩年代学及地球化学特征

华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块花岗-绿岩带中出露的花岗岩类型比较复杂,研究其类型、成因及其与绿岩带之间的联系,对于探讨花岗-绿岩带的形成和演化有重要意义。本文对内蒙古三合明铁矿西侧红山子地区的花岗-绿岩带进行了研究。其不仅包含有大量的变质科马提岩、科马提质玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩等绿岩带的表壳岩,而且发育着多种变质侵入岩。研究表明,区内与绿岩带相关的侵入岩主要有3种,即变质英云闪长岩、变质花岗闪长岩、变质花岗岩,本文对其中的变质英云闪长岩和变质花岗岩两种岩石进行了地球化学和锆石测年的研究。变质英云闪长岩是一套富铝、低钾、贫铁镁和稀土元素强烈分异的太古宙高铝型TTG岩,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年为(2 534±7)Ma(MSWD=1.3),与研究区南部的赞岐岩和TTG的年龄相同;而变质花岗岩具有高硅、富碱,低铁、镁、钛、锰的特点,是一套钙碱性的过铝质岩石,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年为(2 509±7)Ma(MSWD=1.5),野外地质现象表明变质花岗岩明显地侵入到区内的绿岩地层和变质英云闪长岩之中。研究发现变质英云闪长岩形成于板块俯冲时TTG岩系岩浆弧构造环境,而变质花岗岩成因则可能与加厚地壳中变沉积岩的熔融有关。     

RS and GIS‐based Statistical Analysis of Secondary Geological Disasters after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

Abstract: Using RS and GIS means, this article analyzes the general geological characteristics and the structural belt distribution features in Wenchuan County, Sichuan province, P.R. China as well as the characteristics of the large-scale landslides, mud-rock flows, earthquake lakes, etc., after the earthquake on May 12, 2008. Based on the above work, comprehensive indoor and outdoor research is launched on disaster distribution characteristics and their relationship with earthquakes, terrains, strata, lithology, and structures. Weights of evidence method is utilized to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the spatial distribution of secondary geological disasters after the earthquake occurred. 3 remedying grades for secondary geological disasters are derived from the results of the weights of Evidence, followed by suggestions given to remedy earthquake secondary disasters.     

变质核杂岩研究的新进展

从三个方面综述了变质核杂岩研究的新进展：（１）通过研究基底滑脱带与兽层脆性断层的产状变化，认为递进变形中基底滑脱带原始产状可能是水平的，而上盘盖层中脆性产状从高角度开始变化；（２）变质核姆岩的形成与热异常和岩浆活动及由此引起的伸展作用具有密切的成因关系；（３）变质核杂岩可以形成于不同的区域构造背景下。     

大别山花凉亭-弥陀剪切带与超高压变质岩片的斜向差异折返

超高压变质岩的折返过程是陆陆碰撞边界演化的关键问题。南倾的花凉亭-弥陀剪切带位于南大别低温-超高压变质 带和中大别中温-超高压变质带之间,矿物拉伸线理倾伏向为SE,逆冲和走滑分量大致相等。电子背散射衍射分析表明： 花凉亭-弥陀剪切带大多数样品的石英组构记录了上盘向NW的剪切变形,反映了中大别超高压变质岩向SE的快速折返, 而部分样品的石英具有上盘向SE的剪切指向,与早白垩世花岗岩穹隆发育导致的区域伸展有关。对前人的岩石学和年代学 成果进行总结,发现大别山进变质和超高压变质峰期/退变质的锆石U-Pb年龄从南往北逐渐变新,南大别和中大别在215~ 225 Ma同时经历了高压榴辉岩相退变质作用,在191~195 Ma经历了绿片岩相变质作用。超高压变质岩的白云母和黑云母的 40Ar/39Ar年龄靠近郯庐断裂时偏年轻,可能受到郯庐断裂活动的影响。南大别和中大别变质峰期温压的等值线与花凉亭-弥 陀剪切带的走向斜交,反映了超高压变质岩的斜向折返。因此,南大别低温-超高压变质带在~236 Ma最先开始折返,之后 中大别和北大别依次发生快速折返,具有不同折返速率和折返角度的构造岩片通过韧性剪切带调节相对运动。     

塔里木南缘浅变质岩系变质矿物特征及变质条件

在塔里木盆地南缘和田地区的阿其克、皮牙曼、杜瓦、康开依、桑株水库一带断续出露一套浅变质岩地层,主要岩石类型有变质杂砂岩、变质钙质砂岩、细粒片岩及少量千枚岩、变质砾岩、大理岩等.岩石中主要变质矿物为绿泥石、白云母、石英、方解石和少量黑云母、钠长石.本文着重就岩石中片状变质矿物绿泥石、白云母、黑云母的发育特点、化学成分特征、变质矿物组合以及它们的晶体化学成分所反映的变质温、压条件进行了研究,并在此基础上推断出该套变质岩属于由区域低温动力变质作用引起的低绿片岩相变质产物.     

滇西高黎贡山群变质岩的锆石年龄及其构造意义

被认为是腾冲-梁河地块前寒武纪结晶基底的滇西高黎贡山群变质岩系,其原岩及变质时代长期争论不休。岩相学和地球化学表明,组成高黎贡山群的黑云二长片麻岩、黑云角闪斜长片麻岩和变粒岩的原岩均为岩浆岩。首次对这些变质岩进行原位锆石U-Pb定年,分别获得497.8±7.2Ma～500±14Ma、83.5±0.9Ma的岩浆结晶年龄和459±5Ma、55.2±1.1Ma的变质年龄。结合相邻区碎屑锆石年龄及其区域对比分析,认为腾冲-梁河地块高黎贡山群中以石英片岩、石英岩为主体的原始沉积岩系可能形成于新元古代,应与拉萨地块有密切的亲缘关系。在早古生代环冈瓦纳大陆周缘造山过程中被寒武纪花岗岩侵入并发生变质作用;在新特提斯俯冲过程中,经历了晚中生代的安第斯型造弧作用;在印度与欧亚大陆碰撞过程中,又经历了新生代的岩浆作用、变质作用以及走滑剪切形成糜棱岩化作用。     

赣中变质岩带的矿物化学特征及其P—T轨迹的构造变化

本文根据矿物组合及特征变质矿物，将赣中变质岩带划分出5条变质带，由低到高依次为绢云母－绿泥石（Ser-Chl)带、黑云母（Bi)带、铁铝榴石（Gt)带、十字石（St)带、矽线石（Sil)带。其分布的总体趋势是由南向北呈渐进分布的特点，即变质地层在纵向上由新到老具有由弱而强的变化趋势，同时受构造的控制。区域断裂带，从断裂中心向两侧变质程度递减，并常伴随混合岩化作用。本文从矿物化学特征及P、T条件计算结果来讨论变质岩的演化特征及形成的构造环境。     

Geodynamics of the Early Precambrian,Part 2: Formation of continental crust and sedimentary basins,specificity of the lithosphere

This part of work is aimed at consideration of problems concerning evolution of geodynamic processes based on characteristic structures of the Early Precambrian and their rocks. Considered in the paper are structures characterizing existence of mature continental crust (sedimentary basins), development of the crust (metamorphic belts and granitoids) and underlying upper mantle (lithospheric keel), and amalgamation of crustal domains (continents, microcontinents, terrains) into supercontinents. Geodynamic phenomena of the Early Precambrian comparable with the Phanerozoic ones are distinguishable, on the one hand, and their changes with time of evolutionary character are detectable, on the other. The latter are satisfactorily explainable by secular lowering of the mantle temperature in general and above the top of mantle plumes.     

福建平潭-东山变质带夕线石榴云母片岩中两期变质作用的岩相学证据及其构造意义

通过对福建沿海平潭－东山变质带中夕线石榴云母片岩的岩相学和变质作用特征的研究，讨论了该区变质作用的演化历史，为地质学家建立该区乃至整个东南部的构造演化模式提供科学的依据。研究表明，石榴夕线云母片岩实际上是两期变质作用叠加的产物，其中的石榴石、夕线石和黑云母等是第一期变质作用的产物，代表古老变质基底（泥质）的残余，而白云母和大部分石英（白云母石英片岩）则是在第二期变质作用（中生代区域变质）期间由前述变质基底改造而成。也就是说，在人们熟知的绿片岩相－低角闪岩相区域变质作用之前，还曾发生一期更高级的变质作用。第一期变质作用的条件为Ｐ＝０．５５～０．６２ＧＰａ，Ｔ＝６９２℃～７１７℃，达高角闪岩相；第二期变质作用在本区影响最大，并形成递增变质带，变质作用的温度和压力范围分别是Ｐ＝０．２～０．５ＧＰａ，Ｔ＝４００℃～５６０℃，属中低级变质。早期高级变质残余的发现使我们不得不重新考虑福建沿海变质带的变质演化与构造演化的过程。