Focal Mechanisms and Stress Field in The Region Vogtland/Western Bohemia

We calculated focal mechanisms for 30 of the strongest events (1.5 M _L 3.3) in distinct subregions of Vogtland/Western Bohemia between 1990 and 1998. Our investigations are concerned with events of the swarms near Bad Elster (1991), Haingrün (1991), Nový Kostel (1994 and 1997) and Zwickau (1998), two events from a group of earthquakes near Klingenthal (1997) and eight single events. Seismograms were provided by the digital station networks of the Geophysical Observatory of the University of Munich, the Technical University of Freiberg, the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague, the Masaryk University in Brno and some nearby stations of the German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN). To calculate focal mechanisms two inversion methods were applied. The inferred focal mechanisms do not show a simple, uniform pattern of seismic dislocation. All possible dislocation types – strike-slip, normal and thrust faulting - are represented. The prevailing mechanisms are normal and strike-slip faulting. Considerable differences in the fault plane solutions are noted for the individual subregions as well as in some cases among the individual events of a single swarm. For the Nový Kostel area we succeeded to resolve a change in the orientations of the nodal planes for the two successive swarms of December 1994 and January 1997. Besides this we also observe a change in the mechanisms, namely from strike-slip and normal faulting (December 1994) to strike-slip and thrust faulting (January 1997). Based on the inferred focal mechanisms the stress field was estimated. It turned out, that the dominating stress field in the region Vogtland/Western Bohemia does not substantially differ from the known stress field of West and Central Europe, being characterized by a SE-NW direction of the maximum compressive horizontal stress. We conclude that the seismicity in the Vogtland/Western Bohemia region is not predominantly caused by an independent local stress field, but rather controlled by the dominating stress regime in Central Europe.     

华北地区地震异常前兆信息场演化特征及其与地震关系的研究

在对地震异常前兆信息量先前研究的基础上,进一步给出了描述各种地震异常前兆信息量的普适性综合数学表达式.从大量震例资料入手,再次研究了地震异常延续有效性的问题,进而建立了地震异常持续有效时间与延续有效时间的数学关系式.收集整理了1980～1997年华北地区水化、形变、地磁、应力、水位、地电等371个观测项目、上百万个前兆观测数据,对每一观测项目逐一计算了它们的地震异常前兆信息量.研究了华北地区近20年的地震异常前兆信息场的演化特征及其与地震的关系,建立了华北地区Ms≥5地震的中短期综合预报指标体系,经R值评分检验,表明该地震综合预报指标体系在中短期地震预测中具有一定效果.     

A field study of the coupled effects of aquifer stratification,fluid density,and groundwater fluctuations on dispersivity assessments

A number of experimental studies have tackled the issue of solute transport parameter assessments either in the laboratory or in the field. But yet, the behavior of a plume in the field under density driven forces, is not well known due to possible development of instabilities. Some field tracer tests on the fate of plumes denser than native groundwater such as those encountered under waste disposal facilities, have pointed out the processes of sinking and splitting at the early stage of migration. The process of dispersion was widely investigated, but the range of dispersivity values obtained from either experimental tests, or numerical and theoretical calculations is still very large, even for the same type of aquifers. These discrepancies were considered to be essentially caused by soil heterogeneities and scale effects. In the meantime, studies on the influence of sinking and fingering have remained more scarce. The objective of the work is to analyze how transport parameters such as dispersivities can be affected by unstable conditions, which lead to plume sinking and fingering. A series of tracer tests were carried out to study under natural conditions, the transport of a dense chloride solution injected in a shallow two-layered aquifer. Two types of experiments were performed: in the first type, source injection was such that the plume could travel downward from one layer to the other of higher pore velocity, and in the second one, the migration took place only in the faster layer. The results suggest some new insights in the processes occurring at the early stages of a dense plume migration moving in a stratified aquifer under groundwater fluctuations, which can be summarized through the following points: (i) Above a stability criterion threshold, a fingering process and a multi modal plume transport take place, but local dispersivities can be cautiously derived, using breakthrough curves matching. (ii) When water table is subject to some cycling or rising, the plume can be significantly distorted in the transverse direction, leading to unusual values of the ratio between longitudinal and transverse dispersivities. (iii) Under stable conditions, for example in the case of straightforward injection in the faster aquifer layer, longitudinal dispersivity is greater than the transverse component as usually encountered, and the obtained transport parameters are closed to macro dispersivity values, which reach their asymptotic limit at very short distances. (iv) The classical scale effect about the varying dispersivity at short distances could be a process mainly due to the distance required for a plume stabilization.     

Spatial distribution and bonding forms of heavy metals in sediments along the middle course of the River Elbe (km 287ċ390)

Sediments of eight groyne fields along the middle course of the River Elbe (river km 287?390) were geochemically studied. The 78 sediment samples were analysed for pH and grain size distribution. The grain size fraction < 2 μm was used for mineralogical and chemical analysis: semiquantitative clay mineral analysis; total element content (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), total inorganic and organic C, and bonding form fractionation with a six‐step sequential chemical extraction. The latter was performed on selected samples (n = 32). The sediments along the Elbe's course are still contaminated with heavy metals far above the local geogenic background level. An enrichment factor of more than 15 was calculated for zinc. Cr and Ni are the elements with the lowest enrichment. The bonding form analysis of selected heavy metals shows a dominance of relatively immobile bonding forms, e. g. the moderately reducible and the residual fraction, which implies a relative low mobility potential. Only Zn poses a higher potential threat to the environment, since it has a higher percentage of the first three extracted phases: adsorbed, carbonate, and easily reducible fraction.     

豫西南泥湖多金属矿田铅锌矿地质特征与成因研究

豫西南泥湖地区具有闻名于世界的特大型钼矿,通过近几年国土资源大调查工作,在南泥湖钼矿外围发现了矽卡岩型和中低温热液充填型铅-锌矿床,它们成环带状分布于南泥湖钼矿外围。文章重点论述了矽卡岩型和中低温热液充填成因的脉状铅-锌矿地质特征,并对其成因进行了研究,研究认为,上述三者均属于燕山期岩浆期后热液充填、交代成因的多金属矿床,并认为,不同类型矿床既存在一定的差别,同时在时、空上又具有一定的内在联系,共同构成了一个与燕山期中酸性小岩体有关的成矿系列。     

Steady- and transient-state inversion in hydrogeology by successive flux estimation

A calibration method to solve the groundwater inverse problem under steady- and transient-state conditions is presented. The method compares kriged and numerical head field gradients to modify hydraulic conductivity without the use of non-linear optimization techniques. The process is repeated iteratively until a close match with piezometric data is reached. The approach includes a damping factor to avoid divergence and oscillation of the solution in areas of low hydraulic gradient and a weighting factor to account for temporal head variation in transient simulations. The efficiency of the method in terms of computing time and calibration results is demonstrated with a synthetic field. It is shown that the proposed method provides parameter fields that reproduce both hydraulic conductivity and piezometric data in few forward model solutions. Stochastic numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the method to the damping function and to the head field estimation errors.     

长白山区图们江流域新生代火山岩的岩石化学研究

图们江流域新生代火山岩以溢流式喷发为特征，其主要岩石类型以拉斑玄武岩为主，含少量玄武质粗安岩、碱性玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和粗面玄武岩。根据图们江流域火山岩的Mg#（Mg#=100Mg^2＋／（Mg^2＋＋Fe^2＋））值多数≤60，Ni含量〈100μg／g和主、微量元素地球化学特征综合表明，形成火山岩的岩浆不是原始岩浆，它们是原始岩浆在上地幔经历了橄榄石、辉石分离结晶作用后形成的以拉斑玄武岩为主，包括碱性玄武岩和粗面玄武岩等演化岩浆，结晶分异作用是岩浆演化过程的主要控制因素。拉斑玄武质岩浆在上升过程中发生了不同程度的壳源物质同化混染作用，发生在上地壳遭受较大程度混染的岩浆K2O含量明显偏高（〉2．6％），形成玄武质粗安岩。     

江苏青龙山磷灰石中出溶体的初步研究

最近的研究证实，在大别-苏鲁超高压变质带的多硅白云母榴辉岩和超基性岩中的磷灰石矿物内普遍发育有针柱状出溶晶体，初步研究证明这些出溶晶体多为各种硫化物：如黄铁矿、黄铜矿等。本文重点研究苏鲁青龙山地区的多硅白云母榴辉岩和退变榴辉岩中磷灰石内的出溶晶体，通过扫描电镜、电子探针和X-光能谱的线扫描分析，确认这些出溶晶体是铜的硫化物，并根据无标样定量的分析结果初步推测有可能是CuS2晶体。目前已知的CuS2晶体都是在高温高压（T=700-1000℃和P=4．5-5．0GPa）条件下人工合成的。这样的温压条件与青龙山榴辉岩的超高压变质条件是吻合的。在磷灰石中能保存超高压的硫化物，可能是由于磷灰石自身的稳定性和化学惰性。因此推测在超高压变质作用中，磷灰石晶体中易于保存硫化物出溶体与石榴石和绿辉石中易于保存柯石英和金刚石的作用相类似。     

巴姆地震变形场和应力场：Ⅱ．用FEPG有限元方法求解

本文利用 FEPG 有限元程序对2003年12月的巴姆地震变形场和应力场进行了模拟计算。2003年12月26日,巴姆地区发生6.6级地震。Nakamura、Suzuki 等人利用余震资料和地震破坏程度的分布图分析了余震震中的统计分布形式,得到了此次地震的发震断层是巴姆断层以西大约5km 的 Arg-e-Bam 隐伏断层的结论。凌勇等人从差分干涉雷达(D-InSAR)出发,得到了此次地震的同震干涉条纹和雷达视线方向的位移场,并从雷达干涉的相干图上确定了发震断层的痕迹。他们还利用 Okada 程序模拟计算了此次地震的位移场,模拟计算的结果与 D-InSAR 测量的位移场比较符合。Okada 程序从断层的位错为出发点进行计算,从运动学角度对此次地震变形场和应力场进行研究;本文从动力学的角度出发,研究远场区域边界的应力状态以及断层的物性参数的变化对巴姆地震形变场的影响,将各种计算结果进行对比的同时也和前人的结果相比较。本文计算中采用了凌勇等人的断层参数,即 Arg-e-Bam 隐伏断层为近南北走向,向东倾斜,近直立的倾角,右旋走滑,其(Strike,dip,slip)为(175°,80°,173°)。断层未延伸到地表,自地面以下1km 处往下延伸16km 的宽度,断层长度为20km。对断层的杨氏模量、泊松比、断层附近区域的边界受力大小、两个主应力的比例以及主应力的方向的改变对计算结果的影响做了讨论。最后通过上述几组计算结果建立了一个与前人结果较为符合的巴姆地震参数模型。通过计算,一方面揭示了应力状态和物性参数的影响,另一方面也说明 Arg-e-Bam 隐伏断层是此次地震的发震断层这一结论是可信的。     

热源法探测陡河水库左坝肩绕坝渗漏通道

通过热源法对陡河水库渗漏通道的探测发现,陡河水库左坝肩存在着绕坝渗漏通道。在左坝肩基岩10m高程附近存在低温场异常,通过对水库底部附近温度场分布测量,判定出低温水来自上游右支河水的补给,通过低温区分布确定出绕坝渗漏强渗漏通道的位置,在库水位保持在32m时,根据热源法计算出渗漏通道的渗漏量在3.59×105~4.74×105m3/d之间,钻孔发现水库边基岩中的水位比库水位低22m,水位差是造成了水库跌窝事故的主要原因,在11#钻孔中发现了来自河床的细砂,在11#和9#孔中的连通试验证实基岩中的强渗漏通道。