Problems of geodynamics, tectonics, and metallogeny of orogens

This is an overview of papers published in the present volume of Russian Geology and Geophysics (Geologiya i Geofizika), a special issue that covers presentations at the International Conference “Geodynamic Evolution, Tectonics, and Metallogeny of Orogens”, held on 28–30 June 2010 in Novosibirsk (http://altay2010.igm.nsc.ru). The workshop concerned the general evolution of the Central Asian orogenic system, with a special focus on continental growth, history of oceans and continental margins, and role of plumes in accretionary-collisional tectonics and metallogeny. The discussed papers are grouped in three sections: 1. General issues of geodynamics and geodynamic evolution; 2. Role of mantle plumes in tectonics, magmatism, and metallogeny; 3. Regional tectonic and geodynamic problems of Asia.The synthesis of data reported at the workshop demonstrates critical importance of mantle plumes for the evolution of the Paleoasian ocean and for orogenic processes in Central Asia.In addition to three large pulses of continental growth at about 2900–2700, 1900–1700, and 900–700 Ma, three orogenic stages have been distinguished in the geological history of Eurasia: Late Cambrian–Ordovician (510–470 Ma), Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous (380–320 Ma), and Permian–Triassic (285–230 Ma). In the evolution of the Central Asian orogen, these stages were associated with events of ultramafic-mafic and bimodal plume magmatism which promoted translithospheric strike-slip faulting. Plume magmatism was an active agent in ocean opening when the Paleotethys, Ural, Ob–Zaisan, and Turkestan basins appeared while the Late Cambrian–Ordovician orogen was forming in Central Asia (North Kazakhstan, Altai–Sayan, Tuva, and Baikal areas). Closure of the Ob–Zaisan ocean and collision of the Kazakhstan–Baikal continent with Siberia in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous was coeval with the maximum opening of the Turkestan ocean, possibly, as a consequence of plume activity. The Tarim (285–275 Ma) and Siberian (250–230 Ma) superplume events corresponded in time to closure of the Ural ocean and opening of the Meso- and Neotethys, as well as to major metallogenic events.     

华北地区金矿成矿规律及资源潜力

【研究目的】金矿是华北地区的优势矿种之一,资源丰富、类型多样。开展华北地区金矿资源特征与成矿规律研究,对于进一步开展金矿勘查工作部署具有重要意义。【研究方法】本文系统收集和整理了已有金矿地质资料,全面总结了华北地区金矿资源禀赋、矿床类型、时空分布规律、控矿因素、成矿演化及资源潜力。【研究结果】从矿床成因角度,华北地区金矿类型可划分为花岗-绿岩型、火山岩型、岩浆热液型、变质碎屑岩中热液型、砂金型和风化壳型等6大类;从矿产预测角度,可划分为44个矿产预测类型,其中与岩浆岩、火山岩、绿岩建造有关金矿类型最为重要。根据金矿演化规律,将华北地区金成矿划分为五台—吕梁期、华力西期、印支期、燕山期、喜马拉雅期等5个主成矿期,其中燕山期为金矿爆发期。金矿主要产出于华北克拉通边缘、裂谷带及造山带内,形成于大陆裂谷、岛弧（火山弧）、活动大陆边缘等构造环境。【结论】本文在华北地区划分出47处金矿重要找矿远景区,并提出加强重要找矿远景区及矿集区深部金矿资源勘查是实现找矿突破的重要途径。创新点：全面系统地梳理、总结了华北地区金矿资源特征、矿床类型、时空分布规律及资源潜力,划分了47处金矿重要找矿远景区。     

Supercontinent evolution and the Proterozoic metallogeny of South America

The cratonic blocks of South America have been accreted from 2.2 to 1.9 Ga, and all of these blocks have been previously involved in the assembly and breakup of the Paleoproterozoic Atlantica, the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Rodinia, and the Neoproterozoic to Phanerozoic West Gondwana continents. Several mineralization phases have sequentially taken place during Atlantica evolution, involving Au, U, Cr, W, and Sn. During Rodinia assembly and breakup and Gondwana formation, the crust-dominated metallogenic processes have been overriding, responsible for several mineral deposits, including Au, Pd, Sn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb, U, P₂O₅, Ta, W, Li, Be and precious stones. During Rodinia breakup, epicontinental carbonate-siliciclastic basins were deposited, which host important non-ferrous base metal deposits of Cu–Co and Pb–Zn–Ag in Africa and South America. Isotope Pb–Pb analyses of sulfides from the non-ferrous deposits unambiguously indicate an upper crustal source for the metals. A genetic model for these deposits involves extensional faults driving the circulation of hydrothermal mineralizing fluids from the Archean/Paleoproterozoic basement to the Neoproterozoic sedimentary cover. These relations demonstrate the individuality of metal associations of every sediment-hosted Neoproterozoic base-metal deposit of West Gondwana has been highly influenced by the mineralogical and chemical composition of the underlying igneous and metaigneous rocks.     

洋脊地质学与成矿学

洋脊分活动型和稳定型两种,柱状地质剖面由未固结沉积物和上、下洋壳三部分构成,横向断裂带发育。岩石蚀变、变质普遍,可与大陆拉斑玄武岩对比。洋脊正在进行两种成矿过程。近20年在洋脊发现的矿床(化)可分为11个类型,其中有的具有工业意义。洋脊研究的深入,将进一步揭示洋壳的奥秘,还将提高对陆壳以及整个地球历史演化进程中的沉积、岩浆、变质、成矿、成岩和构造等作用以及这些作用之间相互促进和制约关系的认识。     

新疆滴水陆相砂岩型铜矿成因浅析

新疆滴水铜矿床位于库车拗陷盆地西南缘,为典型新生代陆相砂岩型铜矿床.矿体呈层状,主要产于上覆灰色泥灰岩与下伏灰白色中粗粒/中细粒砂岩接触部位.矿体品位与Fe2+呈显著正相关而与Fe3+呈负相关.矿石矿物以赤铜矿为主.综合研究认为,新疆滴水铜矿形成经历了原生沉积—成岩期改造—表生氧化淋滤几个阶段,矿床应属于沉积改造型陆相砂岩铜矿床.     

从超大陆旋回看前寒武纪伟晶岩型锂矿的形成

金属矿床的形成与地球内动力过程密切相关,在某种程度上是全球构造特别是大陆演化的结果。因此,深入理解全球超大陆旋回与金属矿床之间的联系,既可以加强对区域成矿规律的把握,又可以提升对大陆演化过程的认识。在"碳中和"和"碳达峰"背景下,作为"能源金属"重要矿产,锂矿在近几年备受关注。该文总结了全球前寒武纪伟晶岩型锂矿的地质特征及其与前寒武纪超大陆旋回之间的联系,指出前寒武纪伟晶岩型锂矿主要形成于2.6 Ga、1.8 Ga和1.0~0.9 Ga 3个时段,与造山作用有关,与S型花岗岩具有密切联系,且与古老地壳物质的再造有关;超大陆聚合的陆-陆碰撞造山过程引起的地壳物质循环、活化和再富集是形成伟晶岩型锂矿的先决条件。     

甘肃阳山超大型热液金矿床的成矿特征

从阳山超大型金矿床的区域构造演化发展背景、成矿地质地球化学等特征进行的研究与分析表明,它是形成、产出在中新生代活化造山带、地壳高位浅成的中低温热液型超大型金矿床。从大地构造成矿学的研究途径,对其成矿流体与成矿物质的源区类型、形成与演化的构造环境、成矿作用的地质成因类型、成矿流体传输与聚集的构造系统等方面的初步研究表明成矿流体是变质与非变质的复杂混合体系,主要由基底、盖层中的构造热动力区域变质流体+重熔花岗岩浆热变质流体+岩浆热液等,组成多成因类型混合成矿流体,并受到同生水、大气降水的混染。因此,阳山金矿主要是由混合型变质成矿流体与岩浆热液成矿流体叠加形成,具有多因复成成矿特征的超大型中低温热液金矿床。     

金山金矿床成矿时代及矿床成因

金山金矿床由含金糜棱岩及含金石英脉型矿石组成。矿石的石英流体包裹体Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时代年龄测定结果为４０６￣４０９Ｍａ,这两种类型矿石的年龄在测定误差范围内基本一致,属于加里东期成矿。稀土元素分布模式、Ｓ、Ｐｂ及区同位素特征,成矿流体成分资料都说明这两种类型矿石的成矿物质均来自地层,成矿流体属于地层中的建造水及大气降水,矿床应为产于加里东期脆韧剪切带中由改造作用形成的变质细碎屑岩型金矿床。     

兴蒙造山带成矿规律及若干科学问题

兴蒙造山带位于中亚造山带东段,形成于古生代,在中生代遭受了西北部蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋构造域和东部古太平洋构造域的强烈改造。该造山带也是中国北方地区一个重要的金属成矿带,因此对该造山带成矿规律的总结和研究,无论是在理论上还是在找矿勘查实践中都具有十分重要的意义。笔者对该地区的研究成果进行了收集和整理。根据已有的年代学数据,该区已发现的绝大多数矿床形成于侏罗纪—白垩纪,与古生代古亚洲洋构造体系关系不大。根据兴蒙造山带内的成矿与不同构造体系演化之间的关系,将研究区内的矿床分为4类:(1)与古亚洲洋构造体系有关的矿床,形成于500~210 Ma,矿床类型主要是斑岩型Cu-Mo、Mo和Au矿床、浅成低温热液型Au矿床和矽卡岩型Pb-Zn矿床,矿床形成环境主要为岛弧及古亚洲洋闭合后的碰撞与伸展阶段;(2)与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋构造体系有关的矿床,形成时间240~110 Ma,矿床类型主要是斑岩型Cu-Mo和Mo多金属矿床、浅成低温热液型Au矿床、中低温热液脉型Pb-Zn-Ag矿床和热液脉型Ag多金属矿床,形成环境主要为陆缘弧、蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后的碰撞造山-后碰撞,以及造山后的伸展崩塌阶段;(3)与古太平洋构造体系有关的矿床,成矿作用发生于210~100 Ma,矿床类型主要有斑岩型Mo(W、Cu)矿床、矽卡岩型多金属矿床和浅成低温热液型Au矿床,形成于与古太平洋板块俯冲有关的活动大陆边缘环境;(4)与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋构造体系叠加有关的矿床,矿床主要形成于150~120 Ma,矿床类型主要有斑岩型Mo(Cu、W)矿床、热液脉型Pb-Zn-Ag和Cu多金属矿床、高温岩浆热液型稀有稀土元素、W(Sn)、Sn矿床和矽卡岩型Fe多金属矿床,矿床形成环境处于蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋这两大构造体系的叠加区域,总体属于一个伸展的构造背景。不同构造体系下的成矿特点是不同的,而所富集的主要金属元素也有差别。根据所产出的不同金属的资源量大小对比,Cu主要产在与古亚洲洋构造体系和蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋构造体系,Mo主要产在蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋构造体系和古太平洋构造体系,Pb-Zn主要产在蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋构造体系叠加区和古亚洲洋构造体系,Au主要产在古太平洋构造体系,Ag和Sn主要产在蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋构造体系叠加区,W主要产在蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋构造体系叠加区域和古太平洋构造体系。     

云南省小寨地区玄武岩型铜矿矿床特征及成矿机理研究

描述了鲁甸小寨玄武岩型典型铜矿的地质特征，初步认为该地区玄武岩型自然铜矿床是一具有工业价值及商业价值的铜矿类型，大地矿段具小型铜矿成矿条件，苏家箐矿段具中一大型铜矿成矿条件，苏家箐矿段值得进一步开展地质勘查工作。并通过和美国基维诺矿床的比较，从矿床地质特征，成因机理方面获得了几点初步认识。