断层带中超压流体及其在地震和成矿中的作用

地震断层带中的局部存在对其力学和化学过程有着重要影响的超压流体，对这种超压流本的证据。超压机制及其在地震活动和成矿中的作用等进行了探讨。流体超压是在断层带中渗透性的构造发生强烈时空变化的前提下产生的，其主要原因是构造加压及深源高压流体的注入，当流体压力升至一临界值时，断层发生灾难性破裂，即地震，增加断层的渗透性，超压流体快速向低压带（室或域）流动，同时因减压流体所携载水溶物各（包括成矿物质）大量沉淀析出，降低断层带的渗透性，地震泵吸和流体超压机制的交替作用使得这一过程得以周期性地进行。     

论兴蒙造山带叠生成矿作用——以锡林浩特和额尔古纳地块为例

兴蒙造山带前寒武纪变质岩中间地块分布广泛,其中锡林浩特和额尔古纳地块以出露范围广泛、岩性组合复杂、后期改造明显和找矿潜力巨大而为人们所关注。找矿勘查结果表明,锡林浩特和额尔古纳地块及邻区铜、铁、铅-锌和银矿床(点)星罗棋布,并且以含有大量锡、钨和钼为特征。这些矿床独特的成矿元素组合(如铜-锡、铁-锡、铜-锡-铅-锌-银、铜-银-锡和铁-钨-钼)及其与前寒武纪变质岩块体和显生宙花岗岩密切时空分布关系均表明,它们很可能是深源岩浆再造和古陆块体活化相互联动(叠生)作用的产物。所谓的叠生作用主要指地壳浅部构造形迹活化和地壳深部物质再造,前者为成岩(矿)物质的就位提供了空间条件,后者为岩(矿)体的形成的奠定了物质基础。钕和铪同位素数据表明,前寒武纪变质岩块体和显生宙含锡、钨和钼花岗岩分别具有完全不同的εNd(t)值和εHf(t)值,成岩(矿)物质分别属于壳源和幔源,其中后者对前者的叠加改造是导致铜-锡、铁-锡和铜-银-锡等多元素矿床形成的关键因素。叠生成矿作用概念的提出不仅很好地解释了兴蒙造山带含锡、钨和钼多金属矿床的成因,而且为寻找隐伏金属矿床指明了方向。     

华南陆块陆内成矿作用的一些科学问题

华南陆块由扬子地块和华夏地块组成,是全球罕见的世界级多金属成矿省,成矿潜力巨大。华南陆块的形成和演化,受到了很有特色的陆内大陆动力学过程的影响,其中的晚古生代地幔柱成矿系统、中生代大面积低温成矿系统、中生代大花岗岩省成矿系统等陆内成矿系统,在全球背景中很有特色,是全球研究陆内成矿作用的理想基地。对华南陆块地质历史时期的大陆动力学过程如何制约上述成矿作用的发生,以往已开展不同程度的研究并取得重要成果。笔者在论述这些研究进展的基础上,提出了三大成矿系统需要进一步研究的一些科学问题。     

成矿热液分类兼论岩浆热液的成矿效率

根据流体中H2O、CO2、NaCl三组分的相对含量,结合H2O-NaCl体系临界压力和石盐融化曲线温度,可以将地壳中的成矿流体分为5类：大气降水、海水、盆地卤水、变质流体和岩浆流体。这种基于地壳环境中普遍存在的三元系结合流体临界性和石盐融化温度的分类,对于理解地壳中沿地温地压梯度流动流体的多样性和流体混合与不混溶具有重...     

Problems of geodynamics, tectonics, and metallogeny of orogens

This is an overview of papers published in the present volume of Russian Geology and Geophysics (Geologiya i Geofizika), a special issue that covers presentations at the International Conference “Geodynamic Evolution, Tectonics, and Metallogeny of Orogens”, held on 28–30 June 2010 in Novosibirsk (http://altay2010.igm.nsc.ru). The workshop concerned the general evolution of the Central Asian orogenic system, with a special focus on continental growth, history of oceans and continental margins, and role of plumes in accretionary-collisional tectonics and metallogeny. The discussed papers are grouped in three sections: 1. General issues of geodynamics and geodynamic evolution; 2. Role of mantle plumes in tectonics, magmatism, and metallogeny; 3. Regional tectonic and geodynamic problems of Asia.The synthesis of data reported at the workshop demonstrates critical importance of mantle plumes for the evolution of the Paleoasian ocean and for orogenic processes in Central Asia.In addition to three large pulses of continental growth at about 2900–2700, 1900–1700, and 900–700 Ma, three orogenic stages have been distinguished in the geological history of Eurasia: Late Cambrian–Ordovician (510–470 Ma), Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous (380–320 Ma), and Permian–Triassic (285–230 Ma). In the evolution of the Central Asian orogen, these stages were associated with events of ultramafic-mafic and bimodal plume magmatism which promoted translithospheric strike-slip faulting. Plume magmatism was an active agent in ocean opening when the Paleotethys, Ural, Ob–Zaisan, and Turkestan basins appeared while the Late Cambrian–Ordovician orogen was forming in Central Asia (North Kazakhstan, Altai–Sayan, Tuva, and Baikal areas). Closure of the Ob–Zaisan ocean and collision of the Kazakhstan–Baikal continent with Siberia in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous was coeval with the maximum opening of the Turkestan ocean, possibly, as a consequence of plume activity. The Tarim (285–275 Ma) and Siberian (250–230 Ma) superplume events corresponded in time to closure of the Ural ocean and opening of the Meso- and Neotethys, as well as to major metallogenic events.     

云南省施甸东山铅锌矿地质特征及成矿成因探讨

东山铅锌矿区是云南保山隆阳―龙陵铅锌矿整装勘查区重要区块之一,位于近SN向的怒江断裂、柯街―大山断裂及NE向的南汀河断裂和勐波罗河断裂及NW向的瓦窑河―云县断裂派生次级特提斯成矿域。对区域成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、构造特征、岩浆岩活动、矿石的类型,矿石的结构构造及化学组分等进行详细地研究,进而提出铅锌矿床的成因机制。结果表明:(1)该矿区二叠系下统沙子坡组下段(P1s1)为矿区主要含矿地层,香山组地层(C1x)在矿区北部的西邑矿区为含矿地层。(2)成矿可能与隐伏花岗岩有关,矿液来源于深部。推测东山炭质层以下存在类似西邑受地层及构造控制的喷流沉积型铅锌矿体。     

大陆碰撞成矿理论的创建及应用

本文阐明了大陆碰撞成矿理论的重要性,将大陆碰撞成矿理论的发展史划分为1970年以前的预备期,1971～1990年的孕育期,1991～2000年的诞生期,2001～2010年的成长期和2011年以后的成熟期;指出大陆碰撞成矿理论的核心内容是4个不同尺度(全球构造、造山带、地体、矿床)的碰撞造山流体成矿模式(CMF模式)和4种类型成矿系统的特征及其与其它环境同类成矿系统的对比;介绍了运用大陆碰撞成矿理论指导找矿预测的成功范例.事实证明,中国学者发挥中国碰撞造山带丰富的自然优势,为发展大陆碰撞成矿理论做出了重大贡献.     

In Situ Quantitative Measurement of Rare Earth Elements in Uranium Oxides by Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry

Advances in the quantification of rare earth elements (REE) at the micrometric scale in uranium oxides by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry are described. The determination of the best analytical conditions was tested using a uranium oxide (Mistamisk) the concentrations of REE in which were previously estimated by other techniques. Comparison between the use of U or Pb as an internal standard clearly showed a diameter‐dependent fractionation effect related to Pb at small crater diameters (16 and 24 μm), which was not found for U. The quantification of REE contents in uranium oxide samples using both matrix‐matched (uranium oxide) and non‐matrix‐matched (NIST SRM 610 certified glass) external calibrators displayed no significant difference, demonstrating a limited matrix effect for REE determination by LA‐ICP‐MS. Moreover, no major interferences on REEs were detected. The proposed methodology (NIST SRM 610 as external calibrator and U as internal standard) was applied to samples from uranium deposits from around the world. The results showed that LA‐ICP‐MS is a suitable analytical technique to determine REE down to the μg g^?1 level in uranium oxides at the micrometre scale and that this technique can provide significant insights into uranium metallogeny.     

新疆滴水陆相砂岩型铜矿成因浅析

新疆滴水铜矿床位于库车拗陷盆地西南缘,为典型新生代陆相砂岩型铜矿床.矿体呈层状,主要产于上覆灰色泥灰岩与下伏灰白色中粗粒/中细粒砂岩接触部位.矿体品位与Fe²⁺呈显著正相关而与Fe³⁺呈负相关.矿石矿物以赤铜矿为主.综合研究认为,新疆滴水铜矿形成经历了原生沉积—成岩期改造—表生氧化淋滤几个阶段,矿床应属于沉积改造型陆相砂岩铜矿床.     

中-东西伯利亚及俄罗斯远东地区构造和成矿作用的研究进展

俄罗斯地质学家在近20年来以岩石圈板块构造理论和地体分析方法,对中-东西伯利亚和俄罗斯远东地区构造和区域成矿作用的研究取得了一系列重要进展。这些进展集中体现在2个多国合作项目取得的成果和2部最新的科学专著中。作者重点介绍了中-东西伯利亚和俄罗斯远东地区区域构造演化、区域构造和区域成矿单元及一些重要金属矿床的基本特征,并对本区地质演化的某些重要问题（转换陆缘、蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带等）做了讨论,以此向读者提供一个有关俄罗斯东部地区上述领域基本研究现状的梗概。