共源浮动基准面分步静校正方法

不需详细的低速带速度和厚度,利用零最小非纵距三维观测系统的近炮道取得井口时间,计算检波点浮动基准面校正量．以此为基础分别进行炮点、检波点静校正,分步校正到水平基准面。方法可靠,效率、效果明显。     

Measurements and calculations of seasonal evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces: Implications for rock weathering

Evaporation from porous rock plays an important role in weathering processes. In the case of salt weathering, the evaporation rate controls supersaturation of salt solutions within pores and the amount of precipitated aggressive salts, therefore weathering occurs mostly in places with intense evaporation. Evaporation also strongly affects frost, hydric and biogenic weathering, as these are influenced by water content and its temporal changes. Despite its importance, evaporation from porous rocks has seen little scientific focus. We present a study on evaporation from bare sandstone, one of the most common rocks affected by weathering. A new method that measures the evaporation rate from the surfaces of sandstone samples under field microclimate was developed and tested. Also, a simple calculation of 1D evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces based on Fick's law of diffusion is presented. The measurement was performed using sandstone cores (with a set depth of the vaporization plane) in a humid continental climate and measured on a roughly monthly interval for about 1 year. For the calculations, a laboratory-measured water-vapour diffusion coefficient of the sandstone, in-situ seasonally measured vaporization plane depth, and values of air humidity and temperature were used. The sensitivity analyses showed that the most important factor controlling the evaporation rate was the vaporization plane depth, while seasonal and spatial changes of air humidity and temperature were of lesser importance. The calculated evaporation rate reasonably follows measured values. For its simplicity and the small number of parameters required, the proposed method has the potential to improve knowledge of weathering and living conditions of endolithic and epilithic organisms. Further research should focus on factors affecting the evaporation rate (wind, hygroscopicity, hydrophobicity, etc.) to improve the accuracy of the calculations, as well as to test the applicability of the method for other lithologies and climates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈准直测量技术在工业测量系统中的应用

在精密工程测量中,大型设备精密制造和安装,对测量工作提出了更高的要求。通过对平面镜和立方镜准直技术的研究,运用MetroIn系统建立或者恢复高精度的坐标系,实现对高精度设备的制造和安装,该方法成为精密工程测量界重点研究的方向之一。     

基于2维转换原理的实时坐标转换设计

针对目前的多种测量任务,阐述了进行实时坐标转换的必要性。回顾了2维坐标转换的基本原理,从2维坐标转换基本原理出发,以WGS-84坐标向北京54坐标转换为例,提出了以数据库建立为核心的坐标转换的详细设计线路,并给出数据库的基本框架。重点阐述了WGS-84坐标向北京54坐标转换的参数求解过程,为了综合考虑任意测点周围已知点对该点的影响,提出了一种距离加权求参数的方法。最后总结了此设计路线的优点和不足。     

大型复杂平面控制网闭合差计算程序设计与实现

大型复杂平面控制网闭合差的搜寻是平差程序内业质量自动检查的难点和关键问题,许多关于闭合差搜寻与计算方面的论文都只给出了基本原理和大体思路,未涉及程序的具体设计与实现,本文讨论在平面网内业质量检查闭合环和附合路线自动搜寻与计算中的程序设计与实现。     

基于CGCS 2000的高斯平面坐标与城市独立平面坐标转换的研究

在假设一种已知重合点坐标无误差情况下,推导了平面四参数坐标转换模型与平面六参数坐标转换模型的公式,该算法无需由误差方程组成法方程。同时,结合城市独立平面坐标与CGCS 2000平面坐标转换算例进行验证,得出了一些有益结论。     

Gnomon shadow lengths recorded in the Zhoubi Suanjing： the earliest meridian observations in China？

The Zhoubi Suanjing, one of the most important ancient Chinese books on mathematical astronomy, was compiled about 100 BC in the Western Han dynasty （BC 206 - AD 23）. We study the gnomon shadow lengths for the 24 solar terms as recorded in the book. Special attention is paid to the so-called law of ‘cun qian li’, which says the shadow length of a gnomon of 8 chi （about 1.96 m） high will increase （or decrease） 1 cun （1/10chi） for every 10001i （roughly 400kin） the gnomon moves northward （or south- ward）. From these data, one can derive the time and location of the observations. The resuits, however, do not fit historical facts. We suggest that compilers of the Zhoubi Suanjing must have modified the original data according to the law of ‘cun qian li’. Through reversing the situation, we recovered the original data, our analysis of which reveals the best possible observation time as 564 BC and the location of observation as 35.78° N latitude. We conclude that this must be the earliest records of solar meridian observations in China. In the meantime, we give the errors of solar altitudes for the 24 solar terms. The average deviation is 5.22°, and the mean absolute deviation is 5.52°, signifying the accuracy of astronomical calculations from that time.     

猴子岩水电站进水口洞脸边坡稳定性分析

猴子岩进水口洞脸边坡高约180m,由于开挖所形成的边坡属于高陡边坡,其开挖后的稳定状况会极大影响引水系统的正常运行。通过对该边坡平洞揭露裂隙特征及地表工程地质条件的系统调查,对边坡的岩体结构类型及其结构面、断层与坡面组合特征进行了细致研究,在此基础上对可能的滑面组合采用刚体极限平衡法进行计算。最后对边坡的安全稳定性进行了评价。     

小比例尺数码航摄资料在城市规划中的应用

对利用小比例尺数码航摄资料进行控制,获取应用于城市规划设计前期1：1000地形图资料的方法进行探讨和实践,进行理论分析和实际应用结果分析,提出满足了我们规划用图的需要。这种方法可为今后一些局部地区急需用图,测绘作为借鉴。     

Grain boundary plane populations in minerals: the example of wet NaCl after low strain deformation

Many physical properties of rocks are sensitive to grain size and hence to the structure of grain boundaries. Depending on their properties, such as deformation and transport behaviour, boundaries may be divided into two broad types, namely special and general grain boundaries. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) is used to investigate the misorientation distributions of grain boundaries and, more recently, to determine the population of grain boundary planes. Studies on metals and ceramics suggest that the grain boundary plane, rather than the misorientation, is the key parameter when defining special and general grain boundaries. In this study, the distribution of grain boundary plane orientations has been successfully determined using EBSD for a slightly deformed, synthetic NaCl material containing 22 ppm water. Boundaries showed a preference for {100} planes, which occurred with twice the frequency of a random distribution. The grain boundary plane distributions found in NaCl were largely in agreement with studies on MgO. Grain boundaries, with a coincident site lattice (CSL) misorientation, also showed a preference for {100} planes, rather than the planes of high coincident density associated with the CSL. Three main types of boundary were identified, namely {100} twist boundaries, boundaries with {100}{hkl} planes and general {hkl}{hkl} boundaries. As the properties of these three types of boundary differ, then the transport and creep properties in wet NaCl will depend on the fraction of the different boundary types found in the grain boundary population.