改进的区域生长算法在三维激光点云识别岩体结构面中的应用

交错分布的结构面构成了岩体中的薄弱部位,准确高效的岩体结构面识别和特征信息提取可为岩体稳定性评价提供重要依据。三维激光扫描技术可以极大地提高结构面勘测效率和精度,但目前主流的点云分析算法存在结构面边缘识别模糊、点云分割准确性不能满足结构面特征信息提取精度等问题。因此,考虑岩体结构面点云位置与其邻域的空间关系,利用KD-tree数据结构进行最邻近搜索的体素下采样,在稳健随机Hough变换的基础上改进了区域生长算法,通过多特征值对区域生长分割参数进行修正,依据点云法向量差值和特征终值进行结构面分割,实现了结构面产状、间距、延展度信息的提取。研究结果表明：与传统的主成分分析法和随机抽样一致法相比,在室内块体模型组成的24个结构面中,该方法在相同区域具有更高的识别率和准确率,既能在复杂变化的平面区域保证数据的完整识别,也能在平面的尖锐位置较好地分割边缘点云。利用该方法可以将24个结构面分为6组,并在识别数据中获取对应的结构面特征信息,与实际测量结果相比,角度信息误差约为1°,距离信息误差1 cm以内。利用该方法在长江干流蟒蛇寨斜坡岩体中成功识别出3组结构面同时计算各组结构面间距与延展度信息,并采用赤平投影图分析不同结构面组对斜坡稳定性的影响。所提出的方法在室内模型及现场斜坡验证效果良好,可以为岩体结构面识别分割提供稳定且有效的技术支撑。     

The deep seismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea

The study reappraises the deep seismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Careful examination of the quality of reported hypocentres shows that the earthquakes define a zone dipping NW, about 200 km along strike, 50 km thick, and reaching a depth of about 500 km. The zone is slightly concave to the NW at a depth of 300 km, but, contrary to many previous reports, is not tightly concave, nor are there significant spatial gaps in the seismicity, which is effectively continuous with depth. Seismicity is, however, concentrated in the depth interval 250–300 km, where the dip of the seismic zone changes from 70° (above 250 km) to a more gentle dip of 45° at greater depths. Seven fault-plane solutions are available for the largest earthquakes in this depth interval, all of them consistent with a P -axis down the dip of the seismic zone, and all of them requiring movement on faults out of the plane of the subducting slab.
Two deep earthquakes near Naples lie well outside the main zone of activity; for one of which a fault-plane solution is available that has a P -axis not aligned with the dip of the seismic zone. The tightly concave slab-geometry favoured by other reports is supported mainly by the location of these events near Naples, which we think may represent deformation in a separate, probably shallower dipping, piece of subducted lithosphere.
The lack of shallow seismicity, and particularly of thrust faulting earthquakes, at the surface projection of the Benioff zone suggests that active subduction has ceased. Estimates of the convergence rate responsible for subduction in the last 10 Myr far exceed the present convergence rate of Africa and Eurasia, suggesting that the subduction was related instead to the stretching and thinning of the crust in the Tyrrhenian Sea.     

理想流体层中悬浮隧道管体动水荷载研究-P波

针对理想流体层中的悬浮隧道管体及锚索体系,借助波动方程理论对平面P-波作用下的悬浮隧道,通过引入其管体只在竖直方面上运动和产生刚体位移而不发生变形以及只考虑海水和管体质量产生的动力效应等假定,同时考虑管体上下部海水和锚索刚度及间距的影响,导出了在理想流体层中悬浮隧道管体受到的动水荷载的计算方程组和边界条件。结合一座典型的悬浮隧道,通过参数研究,分析了上部海水厚度h,P-波频率值ω,入射角度α,锚索刚度K_c和锚索间距L对动水荷载值的影响,结果表明:上部海水的存在有利于减小动水荷载值,P波频率值与海水频率一致时将产生共振,入射角度的增大会大幅减小动水荷载值,较小的锚索刚度和较大的锚索间距也会减小动水荷载值。     

喷墨印刷平面呈色模型的建立与检验

采用插值算法,提出了一种新的平面呈色模型建立方法,实现喷墨印刷中L*a*b*与cmy颜色空间之间的转换,并对转换精度进行了检验分析。本研究通过比较喷墨打印和胶印的平面呈色模型,为在各种印刷方式中建立平面模型提供了成功的范例和切实可行的方法。     

时距平面剩余时差选择加权叠加压制多次波方法及效果

一个CDP道集经动校正后,多次波仍存在剩余时差δt,它随炮检距呈抛物线变化。由δt的变化即可求出多次波剩余波数△K的分布规律。据此,可设计一个理想的叠加剩余波数响应,用于动校正后的CDP道集的加权叠加。在t～x平面选择δt,即可改变叠加剩余波数响应,从而改变各道的加权系数,实现最佳压制多次波的效果。     

华北强震断层面解和震源深度特征

本文利用远震P波及SH波和区域地震P_(nl)波波形反演方法,测定了华北9次强震的断层面解、震源深度及地震矩.结合其他作者测定的7次地震的结果,分析了华北16次强震断层面解及华北地震震源深度特征.结果表明,华北多数强震为走滑型地震,也有个别正断层型及逆断层型地震;16次地震多数发生在地壳中部10—25km深度范围内.     

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不同类型发震断层的同震地表破裂光学遥感特征研究

多平台、多传感器米级/亚米级光学遥感数据的快速获取能力的提升使震后应急期间及时、全面了解大地震同震地表破裂带的空间分布、单条破裂规模、平面组合特征及准确分析发震断层类型等成为可能。文章以2001年青海昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震、2008年四川汶川M_S8.0地震、2010年青海玉树M_S7.1地震和2014年新疆于田M_S7.3地震为大地震典型震例,选取震后高分二号（GF-2）、WorldView-2和Landsat-7等卫星遥感数据及航空遥感数据为主要光学遥感信息源。分析了遥感技术在地表破裂识别中的适用性基础上,根据同震地表破裂基本单元的几何形态特征和色调特征,建立了不同性质的地震陡坎、跌水、地震凹陷、地震裂缝、地震鼓包（梁）、挤压隆起/挤压脊、拉分盆地、断塞塘、断层槽谷等微型构造地貌和水系、河流阶地、洪积扇（台地）、湖积台地、公路、田埂等地质体/地物的水平断错地貌的遥感识别标识。根据不同地表破裂基本单元的空间分布遥感分析,可完善其平面组合特征及快速、准确推断发震断层的类型。对于走滑型地震,结合里德尔剪切破裂模型,可快速分析主破裂带与次级破裂带、共轭剪切破裂等的空间关系,准确、完整掌握地表破裂可能出现的空间位置。不同类型发震断层的同震地表破裂光学遥感特征研究可为大地震后应急救援期间同震地表破裂的快速识别和分析提供技术支撑,遥感分析结果可为震后发震断层的空间延伸及类型判断、地震烈度图的精准修正等提供重要的辅助信息依据,同时也可针对性地指导震后地表破裂的科学考察。

     

A discrete square global grid system based on the parallels plane projection

We developed a direct partitioning method to construct a seamless discrete global grid system (DGGS) with any resolution based on a two‐dimensional projected plane and the earth ellipsoid. This DGGS is composed of congruent square grids over the projected plane and irregular ellipsoidal quadrilaterals on the ellipsoidal surface. A new equal area projection named the parallels plane (PP) projection derived from the expansion of the central meridian and parallels has been employed to perform the transformation between the planar squares and the corresponding ellipsoidal grids. The horizontal sides of the grids are parts of the parallel circles and the vertical sides are complex ellipsoidal curves, which can be obtained by the inverse expression of the PP projection. The partition strategies, transformation equations, geometric characteristics and distortions for this DGGS have been discussed. Our analysis proves that the DGGS is area‐preserving while length distortions only occur on the vertical sides off the central meridian. Angular and length distortions positively correlate to the increase in latitudes and the spanning of longitudes away from a chosen central meridian. This direct partition only generates a small number of broken grids that can be treated individually.