胶州湾水母类生态研究Ⅱ.优势种丰度的时空分布

根据2003年5月-2004年9月胶州湾浮游生物浅水Ⅰ型网中水母的调查资料,分析了胶州湾水母类优势种丰度的季节变化及水平分布.结果表明,对于优势度最大的优势种,半球美螅水母一年中有6月和9（8）月两个丰度高峰,2003年6月丰度最高,达29.5ind/m^3,占当月水母总丰度的47.2 %;薮枝螅水母一年中有9（8）月份和4月份两个丰度高峰,2003年9月份的丰度最高,达12.9ind/m3,占当月水母总丰度的17.4%,4月份该种的丰度占水母总丰度的93.1%;五角水母在9月份丰度高达28.8ind/m^3,占当月水母总丰度的38.7%;八斑芮氏水母2、3月份的丰度均很高,分别为64.7ind/m3、118.0ind/m3,分别占水母总平均丰度的99.5%和98.0 %.对于优势度较小的优势种：四枝管水母、日本真瘤水母、四手触丝水母,真拟杯水母和锡兰和平水母,由于在个别月份占优势,其丰度高低随种类的不同及所在月份的不同而不同.就丰度水平分布来讲,不同优势种类的分布不同时间有所不同,但其丰度分布大都倾向于以湾顶区、湾西部、湾东北部、东部港口沿岸、黄岛沿岸为密集中心.     

Symbiosis between the holothurian Scotoplanes sp. A and the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae on a featureless bathyal sediment plain

Vulnerability to predation may be high for many megafaunal taxa in deep‐sea sedimentary habitats where physical heterogeneity is low. During ROV observations in a bathyal sediment plain off Central California, juveniles of the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae were frequently observed on or under the holothurian (sea cucumber) Scotoplanes sp. A, and are hypothesized to benefit from this association as a nursery or refugium from predation. Ninety‐six percent (n = 574 of 599) of the juvenile N. diomedeae observed (density varied from 0.02–0.75/m² among sites and seasons) in the study area were associated with Scotoplanes sp. A. Of the 2596 Scotoplanes sp. A observed (density varied from 0.48 to 25.90/m²), 22% were attended by at least one juvenile crab, and rarely two crabs (n = 4). Solitary N. diomedeae were rarely observed. This decapod–holothurian symbiosis appears to be largely commensal, with juvenile crabs (carapace width = 0.03–0.31 ×  holothurian length) observed on or beneath Scotoplanes sp. A in a habitat with few refugia from epibenthic predators. Other hypotheses may explain or enhance the potential benefits of the association for N. diomedeae, such as elevated food availability due to the activities of Scotoplanes sp. A. The relationship may be mutualistic if there is a benefit for the holothurian, including the removal of epizoic parasites. Ultimately, the nursery or other effects on the population dynamics of N. diomedeae may be minimal in low‐relief, sediment‐dominated habitats, as very few sub‐adult crabs were observed in the study area and were likely consumed upon outgrowing their refugia. While sedimentary habitats may be a sink for N. diomedeae populations, growth of juvenile crabs during their association with Scotoplanes sp. A should increase energy flow to its predator populations. This association has not been reported previously but may be expected in sediment‐dominated habitats where these species overlap.     

北黄海獐子岛海域浮游动物群落年际变化

本文比较了海洋普查期间（1959年1-12月）和2009-2010年獐子岛海域附近站位的浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、丰度、生物多样性,结果显示,北黄海区域浮游动物群落物种组成未发生较大的变化,在獐子岛海域以及整个北黄海,中华哲水蚤和强壮箭虫的优势种地位没有发生变化,细足法虫戎也一直出现且为冬春季的优势种;太平洋磷虾在2009-2010年獐子岛海域虽然全年均有出现,但是全年均不是优势种,而在1959年的獐子岛海域,作为优势种出现在4月和11月;1959年与2009年相较,腹针胸刺水蚤在春夏季优势种的地位被沃氏纺锤水蚤所取代。2009年浮游动物丰度（131.26 ind/m3）比1959年（78.90 ind/m3）高;浮游动物多样性指数（H'）均在夏秋季高于冬春季节,且年平均多样性指数也有所提高。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔获组成及其多样性分析

根据2009年6～11月金枪鱼延绳钓观察员海上采集的数据,对中西太平洋S2°05′～S7°51′,W159°48′～W168°10′海域的延绳钓渔获物组成进行了分析.126个站点(钩次)的种类组成分析表明,该作业区域的渔获物有鱼类35种,隶属于9目22科30属;鲸类2种,隶属于1目2科2属;龟鳖类1种.反映种类组成多样...     

A genetic assessment of the taxonomic status of New Zealand mussels of the genus Xenostrobus Wilson, 1967

ABSTRACT

The genus Xenostrobus consists of small, marine and estuarine mussels that all appear similar externally. One of its estuarine species, Xenostrobus securis, with a native range in New Zealand and Australia, has become invasive in the Northern Hemisphere. No genetic data are available to determine if X. securis populations from the two countries are conspecific. Additionally, marine Xenostrobus from New Zealand have often been regarded as a species, X. neozelanicus, distinct fromthe marine Australian species X. pulex. We combined new DNA sequences with published data to assess the taxonomic status of New Zealand Xenostrobus. The data comprised 658 aligned bases of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and 331 bases of nuclear histone H3. There was no evidence that X. securis populations from Australia and New Zealand are specifically distinct. Northern Hemisphere specimens of X. securis belonged to Australian, not New Zealand, clades in phylogenetic analyses of COI data, suggesting the former country as their more likely original source. The results confirm that X. neozelanicus and X. pulex are distinct species and for nomenclatural completeness for this taxonomic decision a lectotype is designated for Mytilus ater Zelebor in Dunker and Zelebor, 1866 DunkerW, ZeleborJ. 1866. Bericht über die von der Novara-expedition mitgebrachten Mollusken. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 16:909–916. [Google Scholar] [?=?Modiolus neozelanicus Iredale, 1915 IredaleT. 1915. A commentary on Suter’s ‘Manual of New Zealand Mollusca’. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 47:417–497. [Google Scholar]].     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组储层介—宏孔孔隙结构特征及控制因素

吉木萨尔芦草沟组页岩油资源潜力巨大,为探究其储层介—宏孔孔隙结构特征及控制因素,以研究区芦草沟组钻井岩心为对象,利用X射线衍射、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、孔渗测试、高压压汞、氮气吸附、分形理论、相关性分析等方法,对其储层特征、孔隙结构及控制因素进行了讨论。研究发现：1）研究区芦草沟组储层是一套以长英质碳酸盐岩（A岩）、长英质黏土岩（B岩）、灰/云质细粒长英沉积岩（C岩）、混积岩（D岩）为主的低孔—特低孔、特低渗储层,主要孔隙类型为溶孔,此外还发育有剩余粒间孔、晶间孔、微裂缝;2）研究区芦草沟组储层孔隙分布复杂,孔径分布曲线呈现多峰形,介孔提供了大部分孔容和比表面积;高压压汞计算的宏孔分形维数均值和氮气吸附计算的介孔分形维数均值分别为：2.864 7、2.507 5,介孔孔隙结构复杂程度相对较低;3）有机质丰度有利于A岩、B岩和C岩宏孔孔隙结构的发育,会导致C岩介孔和D岩孔容、比表面积减小;有机质演化程度对A岩介孔、B岩和C岩介孔起到建设作用,对C岩宏孔、D岩介—宏孔有破坏做用;4）脆性矿物含量越高C岩介孔和D岩孔容比表面积越大,而A岩、B岩宏孔、C岩宏孔孔容、比表面积减小;黏土矿物对A岩介孔、C岩介孔及D岩的孔隙系统发育起到建设作用,对B岩宏孔和C岩宏孔有破坏作用。孔隙结构的发育主要受有机质（有机质丰度、有机质演化程度）和矿物组份（脆性矿物含量、黏土矿物含量）的影响,不同岩性、不同尺度的孔隙发育影响因素各有差异。

     

Two new species of Naticidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the coast of China

Two new species of Naticidae （ Mollusca, Gastropoda） collected from the coast of China are described： Cryptonaitca huanghaien- s/s sp. nov. and Sinum vittatum sp. nov. The morphological characteristics between the new species were described and the related information was provided. The similarities and differences between the new species and related species were also compared and discussed. The new species Cryptonaitca huanghaiensis differed from Cryptonaitca hirasei and Cryptonaitca andoi in outer shape, operculum and radula. The new species Sinum vittatum is similar to Sinumjaponicum （Lischke, 1869）, but the shell of the former is flat-elliptical in shape, spire very small, slightly convex. While the latter is flat-globular in shape, apex light brown in color, without a brown band on the body whorl. The comparison results revealed that Cryptonaitca huanghaiensis and Sinum vittatum were two new species from the coast of China. Specimens studied were obtained from collections in the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

近2000年来杭州西湖藻类种群的演替与富营养化的发展过程

于１９９１年在西湖底作１５个深度１ｍ左右的钻孔,根据其内微分石藻的垂直分布探索西湖近２０００年藻类种群的演替,并藉此反映湖泊的古生境及其富营养化发展的历程,结果显示淡水西湖形成后藻类的垂直分布由下而上可分为３带：（１）附生藻带（短缝藻－桥穹藻－异极藻组合）：－８５ｃｍ至－４５ｃｍ,以喜酸性及真酸性的附生藻为主,适应于当时的沼泽生境。（２）附生藻向浮游藻过渡带（水花束丝藻－直链藻组合）：通常在－３０     

Genetic variability of the Lessepsian migrant mussel Brachidontes pharaonis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in Tunisia

The present study used two mitochondrial markers (16S rRNA and COI) to assess the genetic diversity of a newly founded Lessepsian migrant mussel, Brachidontes pharaonis, in Tunisian waters. The species appears to be restricted to only one population in Rades Harbour, in the northern part of the country. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the monophyly of B. pharaonis in Tunisia. Both molecular markers revealed high genetic variability of the B. pharaonis population. Haplotype networks and demographic analyses confirmed the recent expansion events within this population. Multiple human-mediated introduction events involving several founder populations and intensive population growth rates are probably the main causes of the high polymorphism observed within this invasive mollusc.     

南沙群岛海域长腹剑水蚤(Oithona spp.)的种类组成、数量分布及其与环境因子的关系

中小型桡足类是海洋食物网中重要的中间环节,在碳循环里细菌碳和藻类碳向高营养级转化的过程中扮演重要角色。本文通过分析2013年3—4月、6—7月、9—10月和11—12月南沙群岛海域(111°30′E—112°30′E,4°30′N—11°30′N)的生态环境调查数据,对长腹剑水蚤属(Oithona)的种类组成、数量分布及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)南沙群岛海域共出现长腹剑水蚤15种(包括1个未定种),其中线长腹水蚤(Oithona linearis)、粗长腹剑水蚤(O.robusta)和长刺长腹剑水蚤(O.longispina)为南沙群岛海域首次记录,长腹剑水蚤属种类组成沿水深变化的现象较为明显,该属虽然在南沙群岛海域广泛分布,但单种的出现频率较低,其种类出现的季节性较强;(2)南沙群岛海域的长腹剑水蚤可以划分为常见广布组群Ⅰ和低频组群Ⅱ;(3)长腹剑水蚤年均栖息密度为30ind./m3,季节变化呈单峰型,秋季最高、冬季最低,高数量区主要出现在受南沙西部沿岸流和东部沿岸流影响的近岸海域;(4)在0—750m水深范围内,长腹剑水蚤数量沿水深梯度的垂直变化明显,呈现由浅至深数量明显减少的趋势,长腹剑水蚤主要集中分布在0—75m的水层中,75—500m数量急剧降低至最低后,在500—750m基本维持不变;(5)GAM分析表明,纬度、海水温度、盐度和叶绿素a浓度对长腹剑水蚤数量均有影响,以纬度的影响最为显著,其中长腹剑水蚤属最适温度为28.6—29.2℃,最适盐度为32.6—33.2,最适叶绿素a浓度为5—10μg/L;(6)长腹剑水蚤属更适栖息于低温和低盐,且受沿岸流影响的环境中。因此,其数量分布的季节变化与季风驱动的沿岸流势力强弱密切相关。