西藏恰功铁矿岩浆演化序列及斑岩出溶流体特征

冈底斯成矿带是碰撞造山过程形成的最重要的成矿带,恰功矽卡岩铁(铜)矿床即位于冈底斯成矿带中部.本文在详细的野外地质填图和室内研究基础上确定了恰功铁矿与成矿有关的斑岩体为二长花岗斑岩,锆石的U-Pb定年结果为68.8±2.2 Ma,明显早于冈底斯东部与后碰撞伸展有关的斑岩型矿床和主碰撞期形成的矽卡岩型矿床,其应代表了冈底斯一次尚未被充分认识到的成矿事件.通过对成矿斑岩的岩石学、岩石化学、岩浆出溶流体的包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析及包裹体成分的LRM、LA-ICP-MS和PIXE分析,本文探讨了与该矽卡岩矿床有关的斑岩的岩浆起源、斑岩侵位机制及出溶流体特征.结果表明,成矿斑岩为矿区最早的侵入岩单元,具有壳幔源混源特征,其常量元素组成与冈底斯东部斑岩铜矿带的埃达克质岩相近,但稀土和微量元素组成与东部斑岩明显不同,为地幔物质上涌并诱发角闪岩相下地壳熔融的产物,岩体侵位深度大(>7 km)、剥蚀程度高.早期岩浆出溶的流体为高温、高压、高盐度流体,其中富含Fe、Pb、Zn、Cu等成矿金属,与世界其他斑岩铜矿床相比,相对富铁、铅而贫铜.流体的沸腾作用发生于钾硅化阶段,形成了一套富气、高盐、高固相和气液包裹体组合,不同于早期出溶流体的包裹体组合.从岩浆起源和出溶流体性质可以看出,该斑岩具有形成与斑岩有关的铁铅多金属矿床的成矿潜力,但从该矿区地表出露的蚀变和包裹体测压结果可以看出,该斑岩体目前剥蚀深度较大,对斑岩型矿床保存不利,对该斑岩体及与成矿关系的认识对理解该区内的矿床成因和指导区域找矿具有重要的指示意义.     

庙垭碳酸岩型稀土矿床成矿过程初探

庙垭碳酸岩位于东秦岭武当山隆起的西南缘,呈岩株状产出,主要由方解石组成,富含稀土矿物,是我国大型轻稀土矿床。该区全岩的C．O同位素数据δ18O=11％o～12．49％o,δ13c=-3．79％。～5．68％0,落在了初始火成碳酸岩的范围之外,表明可能受到高温分离作用的影响。流体包裹体相态较单一,主要由气液两相包裹体和气液三相包裹体组成,均一温度120～400℃,为中低温,盐度为3．89％o一10．48％o为中低盐度,这与典型的碳酸岩中流体包裹体具有相似的特征。通过与牦牛坪典型的岩浆热液脉型REE矿床在C—O同位素、包裹体及微量元素的对比研究,发现两者的成因机制并不相同,庙垭稀土矿床是典型的岩浆型,缺少萤石等热液矿脉,大量矿物的分离结晶,特别是方解石的堆积结晶作用,导致其方解石具有相对较低的均一温度和盐度,这也使碳酸岩岩浆更富集REE,有利于REE成矿。     

库车坳陷克拉2气田异常流体压力演化史

根据克拉2气田现今实测地层压力分析了异常高压发育的特征,并通过流体包裹体测试求取包裹体形成时期的古压力。计算结果表明:下白垩统和古近系库姆格列木群砂岩储层在距今8～6Ma(康村组沉积期末)时,古压力系数大致为1.09～1.18,发育过剩压力为4.6～9.6MPa的异常高压。在此基础上,以古、今压力数据为约束条件,利用数值模拟技术定量恢复出下白垩统与侏罗系异常流体压力的演化历史。研究发现:下白垩统储层流体压力经历了沉积型异常流体压力形成发展(白垩纪-库车组沉积期末)和沉积型异常流体压力萎缩—构造挤压型异常流体压力孕育(库车组沉积期末至今)两个阶段。康村组沉积早期沉积型超压开始出现,库车组沉积期末达到顶峰,过剩压力达40～50MPa;此后,在沉积型超压萎缩—构造挤压型超压孕育过程的耦合下,过剩压力曾降至25～30MPa,更新世起超压略有升高。侏罗系流体压力演化较为简单,吉迪克组沉积期开始出现超压,至库车组沉积期末达到高峰,此后异常高压逐渐萎缩。在克拉2气田的主要成藏时期(距今3～1Ma),烃源岩较储层具有更高的异常压力,源—储压力差为10～30MPa。     

琼东南盆地崖城地区流体包裹体特征和油气充注期次分析

储层流体包裹体研究是油气充注期次分析的重要手段。对琼东南盆地崖城地区下第三系崖城组和陵水组砂岩储层5口钻井岩芯样品进行包裹体镜下显微观察、荧光分析和伴生盐水包裹体均一温度测量,表明该区下第三系主要发生过两期油气充注：第一期充注油气主要发淡黄色荧光,以液态烃包裹体和气液两相烃包裹体为主,伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度主要分布在130～160℃,根据区域埋藏热演化史推断油气充注时间为晚中新世—早上新世。第二期充注油气主要发淡蓝色荧光,以气态烃包裹体、气液两相烃包裹体和气液固三相烃包裹体为主,伴生盐水溶液包裹体的均一温度范围为160～190℃,充注时间应为第四纪。     

Coupling relationship between reservoir diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation in Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation of Dongling,Changling fault depression,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in the southern Songliao Basin is the typical tight oil sandstone in China. In order to better predict the petrophysical properties of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation, Songliao Basin, Northeast China, the diagenesis and porosity evolution was investigated using a suite of petrographic and geochemical techniques including thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion and fluid inclusion analysis, on a set of selected tight sandstone samples. Combined with the histories of burial evolution, organic matter thermal evolution and hydrocarbon charge, the matching relationship between reservoir porosity evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation history is analyzed. The result showed that the tight sandstone reservoirs characterized of being controlled by deposition, predominated by compaction, improved by dissolution and enhanced by cementation. The hydrocarbon accumulation period was investigated using a suite of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history, microfluorescence determination and temperature measurement technology. According to the homogenization temperature of the inclusions and the history of burial evolution, Yingcheng Formation has mainly two phases hydrocarbon accumulation. The first phase of oil and gas is charged before the reservoir is tightened, the oil and gas generated by Shahezi source rocks enter the sand body of Yingcheng Formation, influenced by the carrying capability of sand conducting layer, oil and gas is mainly conducted by the better properties and higher connectivity sand body and enriched in the east, which belongs to the type of densification after hydrocarbon accumulation. The second phase of oil and gas charge after densification, which belongs to the type of densification before the hydrocarbon accumulation.     

乌鲁木齐河山区流域径流形成的实验研究

乌鲁木齐河山区流域较之山前平原区有着充沛的降水，是径流形成的基础。降水量随海拔增加而增加，高山带降水以固态为主，使冰川成为山区流域重要的水储存形式。降水观测误差对流域降水量和蒸发量的估算有较大影响。冰雪消融可以依据常规气象要素的参数化热通量表达式来计算。在高山草甸蒸发量的观测、计算中，蒸渗器称重法与波恩比率法较之通量－梯度法有较高的观测精度。山区流域径流系数随流域平均海拔增加而增加，高山冰川作用区在径流形成和调节中起着重要作用。     

云南会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿物理化学条件

通过会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体显微测温和成矿物理化学条件参数计算,结合前人研究结果,得出以下认识:会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体均一温度为126280℃,具有较宽的变化区间,盐度(w(NaCl))为3.2%22.8%;白云石流体包裹体均一温度为86163℃,大部分盐度较低,为1.1%-14.8%。3个成矿阶段闪锌矿和白云石中流体包裹体均一温度和盐度具有较明显的分布特征:从热液成矿期Ⅰ阶段→Ⅱ阶段→Ⅲ阶段→围岩蚀变,流体呈现中高温-高盐度→中温-中高盐度→中低温-中高盐度→中低温-低盐度的演化规律。在整个热液成矿过程中,有两种不同盐度的流体参与了作用,流体混合可能是矿物沉淀的主要机制。pH值计算结果表明,迁移阶段时,成矿流体呈酸性,从成矿阶段Ⅰ—Ⅳ,流体pH逐渐增大,主成矿阶段Ⅱ—Ⅲ时,闪锌矿和方铅矿在中性、弱碱性下大量析出。受控于CO、CO_2、O_2间逸度平衡的CO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-缓冲对调节了成矿流体的pH值,碳酸盐岩在铅锌的运移沉淀中起了至关重要的作用。     

Fluid Inclusion Study and Opaque Mineral Assemblage at the Deep and Shallow Part of the Batu Hijau Porphyry Copper-gold Deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia

The Batu Hijau deposit is the only porphyry type deposit in production in the Sunda‐Banda arc, Indonesia. This study discusses the reason for the localization of copper grade at the deep part of the deposit based on the observation of opaque mineral assemblage. In addition, the formation condition of quartz veins and opaque minerals is discussed on the basis of the fluid inclusion microthermometry. Samples were selected from drill holes SBD100, SBD168, SBD194, SBD254, and SBD257 to cover the wide vertical range. At the Batu Hijau deposit, quartz veins have been classified mainly into four types called A, B, C and D veins, and the A veins contain mainly bornite, often associated with digenite and chalcocite. In addition, magnetite occurs in A veins. However, at the deep part of the deposit, there are quartz veins associated with magnetite, but few copper sulfides such as bornite and chalcopyrite in quartz veins, as observed in SBD257. Quartz veins at depth in SBD257 have abundant magnetite and pyrite. Pyrite in quartz veins at depth in SBD257 mainly occur at the rim of magnetite grains or interstices between them. In quartz veins in SBD254, there are abundant copper sulfides such as bornite and chalcopyrite in spite of the depth. Bornite and chalcopyrite occur as inclusions in magnetite grains in quartz veins in SBD254. Pyrite which often occurs in low grade zone in quartz veins in SBD254 is also recognized at the rims of copper sulfides. This indicates that pyrite in SBD257 and SBD254 formed later than magnetite. On the other hand, blebs of bornite and chalcopyrite inclusions in magnetite grains, which are recognized in quartz veins in SBD168 at shallow high grade part, suggest that the hydrothermal fluid, from which magnetite was deposited also brought the copper sulfides such as bornite and chalcopyrite to the deep part of the Batu Hijau deposit. Therefore, it is concluded that initially the high grade ore zone extended to depth without localization. However due to the later overprinting hydrothermal activity, copper sulfides and magnetite were replaced or dissolved and pyrite was formed, resulting the low grade zone at the deep part of the deposit. Dissolution temperatures (Td) of halite obtained by from fluid inclusion microthermometry show significant differences between SBD168 and other drill holes. The high Td obtained in SBD168 may indicate larger volume of NaCl crystals in hydrothermal fluid at the time of entrapment of the fluid inclusions and formation of other opaque minerals such as magnetite and copper‐iron sulfides. It suggests that the ratio of vapor to brine is also higher at the shallow part of the deposit. The higher vapor to brine ratio may suggest a higher degree of boiling. Removal of vapor phase separated from brine during boiling increases the concentration of substances dissolved in the brine, and this will result in saturation, as evidenced by the salinity and NaCl saturation. The higher degree of boiling suggested by the higher vapor to brine ratio at shallow part may have increased the copper concentration in the brine that may have lead the saturation, resulted in the deposition of copper‐bearing minerals.     

江西永平铜矿金属矿物化学成份及矿物包体特征

永平铜矿黄铁矿、黄铜矿的化学成份特征以及矿物测温和石英包体成份分析特征表明成矿经历了一个较低温度阶段，但所反映的后期成矿作用的改造特征也非常明显，特征是闪锌矿，其化学成份具明显的后期改造成矿特征，是岩浆热作用的产物。黄铁矿的同生成矿较为明显，闪锌矿的后期改造成矿特征更为明显，而黄铜矿具有明显的沉积改造特征。