Using hydro‐chemograph analyses to reveal runoff generation processes in a Mediterranean catchment

The paper deals with the hydro‐chemical analysis performed in order to reveal processes, sources, paths and timing of the runoff generation in an experimental catchment representative of the hilly, terrigenous and forested watershed in the Mediterranean humid eco‐region of southern Italy. The analysis is based on the data recorded at the outlet of the catchment during 2013–2014. A mixing law procedure was applied on discharge (Q) and electrical conductivity (EC) data, by using the Q–EC end members previously collected at selected groundwater, sub‐surficial and surficial stations. In this way, we found four bound curves delimiting fields in a Q–EC plot, each with hydro‐chemograph value ranges. At annual time scale, the analysis revealed a seasonal behaviour of the hydrological response, different for the wet period, when the aquifer is recharging, and the dry periods, when the aquifer is discharging, despite frequent summer rain showers. At event time scale, the catchment seems to show the behaviour of a typical hydro‐geomorphic threshold system. We interpreted this behaviour as due to a progressive addition of water from distinctive components (i.e. deep aquifer, riparian corridor, hillslope and hollow), each with originally different mechanisms of runoff production (i.e. groundwater, groundwater ridging, saturation excess, infiltration excess and soil pipe exfiltration) and response time. During the event, the contributing areas enlarge upward the riparian corridors and the zero‐order basins, where the aforementioned components become superposed and the mechanisms interact more and more. We hypothesize that the threshold values between different states of the system are defined by the intersections of the boundary curves on the Q–EC plot. Different patterns in the Q–EC hysteretic cycles are prevalently related to the pre‐event soil saturation and groundwater contributions to stormflow and recharge mechanisms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南蒙自五里冲水库库区断裂构造岩动力学研究

本通过蒙自五里冲水库库区构造岩动力学研究，配合年代学测定，得出区内最晚一次强烈构造活动的主压应力轴方向为北西向，断裂的活动方式以左旋剪切为主。     

Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone: a further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part II. The 1960 lavas

 New and detailed petrographic observations, mineral compositional data, and whole-rock vs glass compositional trends document magma mixing in lavas erupted from Kilauea's lower east rift zone in 1960. Evidence includes the occurrence of heterogeneous phenocryst assemblages, including resorbed and reversely zoned minerals in the lavas inferred to be hybrids. Calculations suggest that this mixing, which is shown to have taken place within magma reservoirs recharged at the end of the 1955 eruption, involved introduction of four different magmas. These magmas originated beneath Kilauea's summit and moved into the rift reservoirs beginning 10 days after the eruption began. We used microprobe analyses of glass to calculate temperatures of liquids erupted in 1955 and 1960. We then used the calculated proportions of stored and recharge components to estimate the temperature of the recharge components, and found those temperatures to be consistent with the temperature of the same magmas as they appeared at Kilauea's summit. Our studies reinforce conclusions reached in previous studies of Kilauea's magmatic plumbing. We infer that magma enters shallow storage beneath Kilauea's summit and also moves laterally into the fluid core of the East rift zone. During this process, if magmas of distinctive chemistry are present, they retain their chemical identity and the amount of cooling is comparable for magma transported either upward or laterally to eruption sites. Intrusions within a few kilometers of the surface cool and crystallize to produce fractionated magma. Magma mixing occurs both within bodies of previously fractionated magma and when new magma intersects a preexisting reservoir. Magma is otherwise prevented from mixing, either by wall-rock septa or by differing thermal and density characteristics of the successive magma batches. Received: July 10, 1995 / Accepted: October 10, 1995     

华北地台南缘铅同位素演化

通过对华北地台南缘金、钼、铅锌矿床的91个方铅矿,5个黄铁矿,8个钾长石和7个全岩样品铅同位素组成的研究,认为本区地壳中铅同位素经历了四个演化阶段:2600Ma前为地幔系统,2600～1000Ma左右为“幔质”地壳系统,1000～700Ma前为热液对流系统,700～200Ma左右出现岩浆—地壳混合系统。这些重要时限反映了本区的热历史。     

地质力学模型实验中变形量测方法的应用研究

地质力学模型实验作为一种便捷高效、成本低廉的研究方法,不仅可以将工程的破坏过程直观地呈现出来,而且可以作为了解工程整体力学特征、破坏模式和稳定情况的重要研究手段,在各类岩土工程问题的研究中有着广泛应用。由于地质力学模型材料的变形模量较低,同等应力条件下应变极其敏感,因此模型实验中变形测量显得至关重要。为了提升地质力学模型实验中变形量测的便捷性和准确性,对目前地质力学模型中对变形测量的主要方法进行总结分析。结果表明：目前对于模型变形量测的方法主要分为电测式测量方法、光学测量方法和机械式测量方法,其中电测式测量方法主要包括电阻式应变片法和位移计法,光学测量方法主要包括光纤类传感器法、数字图像相关法、光弹性贴片法和云纹干涉法,机械式测量方法主要包括百分表测量法和经纬仪观测法。通过对各种方法工作原理、主要应用案例及优缺点的阐述对比,得出不同方法的主要区别是测量范围和适用范围的差异,其中百分表测量法适用于测量小区域变形;测量内部变形可选择电阻式应变片法及光纤类传感器法;较大区域的变形可选择位移计法及光纤类传感器法;指定点位移可选择经纬仪观测法;全场观测可选择数字图像相关法、云纹干涉法以及光弹性贴片法。该成果可为相关地质力学模型实验的变形测量提供实验参考。     

A note on the stress-dilatancy relation for simulated fault gouge

Theoretical constraints on the stress-dilation relation for a deforming Coulomb material requirev ifC=0 andv sin^-1( _m / _m ) always, wherev is the dilation angle, is the friction angle,C is cohesion, _m is the maximum shear stress, and _m is the mean effective stress. Recent laboratory measurements of friction and dilatancy of simulated fault gouge show that small amplitude shear-load cycling causes compaction and consolidation. Comparison of the data with theory indicates that such load cycling produces: (1) increased coefficient of friction (or friction angle), (2) increased cohesion, and (3) increased dilatancy rate (or dilation angle). Under certain conditions of load cycling without significant plastic shear strain accumulation ( ^p <0.005) we find thatv exceeds both and, in contrast to theory, sin^-1( _m / _m ). This result is interpreted in terms of enhanced cohesion and overconsolidation, which lead to residual stresses within the gouge. An analogy is drawn between these special loading conditions and those extant on natural faults. In particular, our results imply that jostling and minor stress variations associated with microearthquakes may produce strengthening of fault gouge and changes in the fault zone's stress-dilatancy relation. Hence, compaction associated with microseismicity may lead to subsequent dilation of fault gouge, even for faults with large displacement rates and large net offsets (e.g., San Andreas). In regions where such dilation persists over sufficient displacements (on the order of the critical slip distance for seismic faulting) it may tend to inhibit unstable slip.     

Impact of Turbulence Closures on Diurnal Temperature evolution for Clear Sky Situations Over Belgium

The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of turbulence closure on the simulation of surface air temperature at screen height (1.5 m) over Belgium. The mesoscale model MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional), developed at the Université catholique de Louvain, is used to examine one-dimensional situations. A new second-order closure (level 2.5) is implemented containing prognostic equations for all three velocity variances, and diagnostic or prognostic formulations for the dissipation. This closure is compared with first and one-and-a-half order closures. Idealized nearly-neutral and convective cases underline the differences between first and second-order closures, and between diagnostic and prognostic equations for the dissipation. The one-and-a-half and second-order closures give satisfying results, but the first-order closure produces generally less appropriate vertical diffusion. Observed clear sky and weak horizontal advection situations have shown the sensitivity of 24 h temperature evolution to the choice of the turbulent closure.     

山西柳林泉域水-岩相互作用地球化学模拟

简述了反向地球化学模拟软件ＮＥＴＰＡＴＨ２．０的结构及功能,并用其成功地模拟了山西省柳林泉域岩溶地下水系统中的水－岩相互作用,定量评价了岩溶地下水在地表水渗漏的影响下经历了地球化学作用及不同流径地下水的混合比例。     

Characteristics and Origin of Yacheng Gas Field in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

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泰山JMZ-150型锚杆钻机的研制

泰山ＪＭＺ－１５０型钻机是一种新型的、液－机结合的锚杆钻机。介绍了钻机的设计要求、结构、参数、特点及实际施工情况。