Pull-out behaviour of wood bolt fully grouted by PS-F slurry in rammed earth heritages

This article presents a laboratory and field investigation of pull-out resistance of wood bolts in rammed earth heritages. The laboratory testing involved axial tensile tests of four grout specimens prepared in specially designed moulds using PS-F (Potassium Silicate solution-Fly ash) slurry to investigate the performance of anchors. The field testing involved pull-out tests of three wood anchors installed in rammed earth heritages by gravity grouting. Experiments reveal that the failure mode is the pull-out of bolt from grout and average skin friction resistance of bolt–grout interface is approximately 0.34MPa. Load–displacement curves and elastic–residual displacement derived from cyclic loading indicate such anchor system has strong ductility with small elastic deformation and large residual deformation. Bond collapse firstly occurs at the loaded end and then propagates towards the full bonded length. Bond stress distribution is not uniform along the bonded length. Maximum bond stress distributes at the range from 0.3 m to 0.4 m. Emergence of compressive strain in the interface reveals such anchor system enjoys the advantages of both tensile and compressive anchor types, which significantly differs from results from other regular bolts. The research conclusion makes scientific senses to traditional material and craft in rammed earth heritages.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊钙华的水化学成因

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠7个湖泊的钙华分布特征调查研究,以及对相关水样的化学成分分析,初步探讨了沙漠东南区湖泊钙华的水化学成因。结果显示：湖水水化学类型为Cl-Na型,Ca²⁺含量极低,CO₃^2-或HCO₃^-含量较高;湖四周地下水水化学类型以Cl-SO₄-Na型、Cl-CO₃-Na型为主,CO₃^2-或HCO₃^-含量较低,Ca²⁺含量较高,部分湖水中霰石、方解石矿物饱和指数SI>0。PHREEQC软件模拟结果显示,地下水与湖水混合过程中,方解石、霰石饱和指数明显增大。我们认为咸淡水混合效应是钙华形成的重要原因,同时存在湖水蒸发浓缩作用沉淀的碳酸钙;混合端元的组分决定了最大SI时的混合比例以及最大SI值,温度相对混合效应影响较小。     

Three-dimensional flow patterns at the river–aquifer interface — a case study at the Danube

The three-dimensional groundwater flow patterns in a gravel bar at the Danube east of Vienna were investigated and are discussed in this paper. The observed groundwater level gradients are highly dynamic and respond very quickly to changes in the river water levels. A variably saturated groundwater model was calibrated to the data to describe the complex dynamics of flow in the gravel bar. The model results suggest that short-term (6–48 h) fluctuations of river water levels cause variations in the exchange flow rates from − 35 l/s to 82 l/s. The highest rates occur during brief infiltration after rapidly rising river water levels. Simulations of different scenarios indicate that riverbank clogging will decrease the exchange fluxes by up to 80%, while clogging of both riverbank and riverbed essentially stops the flow exchange. The groundwater model is also used to simulate the transport of a conservative tracer. The variation of river water levels over time is shown to increase the extent of the active river–aquifer mixing zone in the gravel bar. These dynamic factors significantly enhance the dilution of conservative tracer concentrations in this zone.     

Upwelling and surface cold patches in the Yellow Sea in summer: Effects of tidal mixing on the vertical circulation

A three-dimensional, prognostic, wave–tide–circulation coupled numerical model is developed to study the effects of tidal mixing on the summertime vertical circulation in the Yellow Sea (YS). The distribution and mechanisms of upwelling are investigated by numerical means. Validated by historical tide gauge data, satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data, and cruise observation data, the model shows satisfactory performances in reproducing the dominant tidal system and three-dimensional sea temperature structure. Model results suggest that strong tidal mixing plays an important role in the formation of the vertical circulation in the YS. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) is fringed by typical tidal mixing fronts (TMFs), which separate the cold, stratified water at the offshore side from the warm, well-mixed, shallow water at the other side. Considerable baroclinic gradient across the TMF makes the frontal zone the spot where the most active vertical circulation occurs; a secondary circulation is triggered with a distinct upwelling branch occurring mainly on the mixed side of the front. The numerical model produces systematic upwelling belts surrounding the YSCWM, and the upwelling is essentially induced by the TMF over sloping topography. The relative importance of tidal mixing and wind forcing for upwelling is further examined in numerical experiments. The southerly wind enhances the upwelling off the western coasts, but its overall influences in the whole YS are less important than tidal mixing. As shown by both satellite data and numerical modeling, the summertime SST field in the YS is featured by the stable existence of several site-selective surface cold patches (SCPs), most of which scatter in the waters off convex coastlines. One of the SCPs is found off Subei Bank, and the others are located off the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula and off the three tips of Korean Peninsula. Two processes give rise to the SCP: on the one hand, TMF-induced upwelling supplies cold water from the deep layer; on the other hand, tidal mixing itself can stir the bottom water upward and homogenize the water column vertically. In the waters around the tips of peninsula in the YS, the tidal currents are extraordinarily strong, which provides a possible explanation for the site-selectivity of the SCPs.     

高层隔震结构非线性地震响应分析及设计方法研究

高层隔震结构的分析理论和设计方法是目前隔震技术向高层建筑推广的2个关键理论问题。本文以高烈度区宿迁市已经竣工的高层隔震建筑阳光大厦为工程实例,对高层隔震结构的非线性地震响应分析方法进行了研究,包括隔震支座竖向不同拉压刚度的模拟、各种类型的隔震支座水平力学特性的准确模拟,以及不同地震动输入方式和输入角度对隔震支座受拉情况的影响分析等;在此基础上,对隔震层的设计方法进行了分析,提出了隔震层设计的基本原则,进而给出了控制隔震层设计的基本指标,包括隔震支座的长期面压、极值面压、隔震层偏心率等;最后,对高层隔震结构的相关构造要求进行了必要的说明。     

柔性微型桩水平承载力数值模拟

针对微型桩水平载荷的现场测试和原位试验相对困难,对其开展的研究很少,其荷载传递性状、受力特征等尚不能完全确定的问题,运用有限元软件ABAQUS对现场柔性微型桩（桩长与桩径之比一般大于50左右）试验进行数值模拟。数值分析结果和现场实测结果基本一致,说明模拟中的参数是有效并正确的,基本上能反映现场的实际情况。通过有限元模拟,探讨了微型桩在水平载荷作用下的工作性能,分析了微型桩的各个参数对其水平承载力的影响,给出了桩长、桩径、桩身弹性模量的合理取值,研究结果表明：较大的桩径、较高的土体摩擦角对提高柔性微型桩水平承载力有显著作用     

交错既有隧道次生力学效应三维模型试验

为分析交错新建隧道施工对既有隧道的影响,采用公路隧道结构与围岩综合试验系统对交错隧道进行三维物理模型试验。测试的内容包括新建隧道开挖引起既有隧道围岩内部压应力、围岩内部位移及支护结构内力的变化规律。试验结果表明,既有隧道拱顶径向压应力和拱腰切向压应力具有增加趋势,拱顶切向压应力和拱腰径向压应力具有减小趋势;拱顶围岩内部位移表现为压缩变形,拱腰围岩内部位移为拉伸变形;既有隧道支护结构的轴力和弯矩全为增加,右拱腰的弯矩受到的影响最大;新建隧道施工对既有隧道L8截面的影响较小,对L1和L4截面的影响非常明显,当间距小于L8截面情况时应采取加固措施。     

覆岩中断层活化突水的力学分析及其应用

据资料统计,国内煤矿的突水淹井事故80%以上是由断层引起的,大多数是原始地质条件下的非导水断层在采动影响下活化发生突水。出于安全生产和保水采煤的需要,对采场覆岩中断层因工作面的推进而活化突水进行力学分析,研究防止断层活化突水和保水采煤的开采方法。由摩尔-库仑破坏准则得出断层的活化准则,推导出断层活化的临界倾角、断层活化时的临界开采深度和间隔式开采断层活化时工作面临界推进距离。结果表明,断层的破坏形式与断层倾角有很大关系,随着断层倾角的增大,断层的破坏形式依次表现为,随着工作面的推进断层和覆岩一同破坏、剪切破坏和拉破坏。断层倾角越大,越容易活化。以大柳塔煤矿保水采煤为例,应用研究成果计算了间隔式开采工作面的临界推进距离,并且以相似模拟试验验证了计算结果。     

椭圆形颗粒堆积体模拟颗粒材料力学性能的离散元数值方法

针对离散元中圆形颗粒模拟出的内摩擦角小于真实砂土内摩擦角的缺陷,将已有NS2D离散元程序中的圆形颗粒参量改进为椭圆形颗粒参量,形成改进的NS2D程序。介绍了改进后NS2D程序的基本力学模型,详细推导了程序中椭圆颗粒间以及椭圆颗粒与墙之间接触点的力-位移关系。利用改进后的离散元程序分别模拟了恒定围压下长短轴比例分别为1.1:1、1.4:1,孔隙比均为0.19的椭圆颗粒堆积体的双轴试验,所得的内摩擦角在真实砂土的内摩擦角范围之内,且其应力特征与已有成果吻合良好,证明了改进后的NS2D离散元程序能够模拟分析真实砂土的力学性能     

不同卸荷速度条件下灰岩力学特性的试验研究

对灰岩试样进行加轴压、卸围压破坏试验,研究了不同卸围压速度下灰岩的变形特征和力学参数变化,取得了一些新的结论：卸荷岩样的破坏是沿卸荷方向的强烈扩容所致;随着卸荷速度的增加,岩样的破坏特征从主剪切破坏、共轭剪切破坏逐渐变为劈裂加剪切破坏;在相同的卸荷初始围压下,卸围压速度越快,岩样破坏的应力差越小;在相同的卸荷速度下,随着卸荷初始围压的增加,岩样破坏的应力差逐渐增加;在相同的卸荷速度下,卸荷初始围压越大,轴向应变的回弹值愈大,环向应变突跳值愈小;随着卸荷速度的增加,岩样黏聚力c逐渐增加,内摩擦角? 逐渐减小。